“Powers Accounting Machine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Powers Accounting Machine was an information processing device developed in the early 20th century for the U.S. Census Bureau. It was then produced and marketed by the Powers Accounting Machine Company, an information technology company founded by the machine's developer. The company thrived in the early 20th century as a producer of tabulating machines. It was a predecessor to the current Unisys corporation.

Development

Census Bureau {{anchor|History}}

In 1890, the government began leasing tabulating machines from Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company, to more efficiently, expansively, and accurately produce the national census. In 1900, Hollerith raised the lease pricing. This led the newly formed U.S. Census Bureau to seek other suppliers under its new director, Simon North, in 1903. North returned most of Hollerith's machines, and the Census Bureau began using Charles F. Pidgin's tabulators. These machines proved too slow, so the Bureau undertook to develop its own machine for the 1910 census. North secured a $40,000 appropriation for the project.^[2]

James Powers{{anchor|JamesPowers}}

James Legrand Powers^[3] was a mechanical engineer. He was born in Odessa, Russia, in 1871, and graduated from the Technical School of Odessa. He emigrated to the United States in 1889.^[2]

The Census Bureau hired him as a technician in 1907 to help develop the competing tabulating machine. He had already done early experimental work in office machines, and had several patents to his name.^[5]

Although Hollerith had numerous patents for his tabulators, Powers managed to avoid infringement, by using mechanical sensors on the punch readers, instead of electrical sensors. The new machine was faster, cheaper, more accurate, less error-prone, and less wasteful than Hollerith's or Pidgin's, while maintaining compatibility with Hollerith's punched card format.^[2]^[3]

Powers secured a patent for his version of the tabulating machine, which allowed him to later create a business around the technology he had invented.^[3]

A prolific inventor, he did not restrict himself to office machinery. See, for example, the Germproof Drinking Cup.^[1] The inventor was a member of the Machinery Club and the American Society of Mechanical Engineering through the time of his death on Tuesday, November 8, 1927, at age 57. The New York Times ran a brief paid obituary two days later.^[13]

First usage

The United States Census Bureau tested the machine in the real world by allowing the Cuban government to conduct its census in 1908-1909 using prototypes of the new tabulating machine.^[9]

Corporate

After successful use in the 1910 census, Mr. Powers formed a corporation to manufacture his machines and sell them commercially. The company was founded in 1911 in Newark, New Jersey. In 1914, he moved to Brooklyn, New York.

Originally known as Powers Tabulating Machine Company, the name was changed to Powers Accounting Machine Company to better target a broad scope of market.

In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. Within a year Remington Rand acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company.^[2]

In Europe, Powers established European operations in 1915 through the Accounting and Tabulating Machine Company of Great Britain Limited, and in 1929 renamed to Powers-Samas Accounting Machine Limited (Samas, full name Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques, had been the Power's sales agency in France).^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

See also

References

1. ^The American Stationer and Office Outfitter (April 13, 1918) Unique machine for Making Paper Cups p.32
2. ^{{cite book |title= A History of Sperry Rand Corporation |publisher= Sperry Rand |year= 1967|pages= 32}}
3. ^Powers-Samas Card Punch, ComputerHistory.org, accessed September 2011
4. ^Cortada p.57
5. ^Pugh p.259
6. ^{{cite book |last= Van Ness |first= Robert G. |title= Principles of Punched Card Data Processing |publisher= The Business Press |year= 1962 |page=15}}
7. ^¹²³{{cite web|title=History: Tabulation and Processing|url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/innovations/technology/tabulation_and_processing.html|publisher=Census Bureau, United States Federal Government|accessdate=22 February 2012}}
8. ^¹{{cite web|title=History: Herman Hollerith|url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/notable_alumni/herman_hollerith.html|work=Census Bureau website|publisher=Census Bureau, United States Federal Givernment|accessdate=22 February 2012}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|title=Hollerith Biography|url=http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Hollerith.html|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland|accessdate=22 February 2012}}
10. ^¹²{{cite journal|last=Schlenoff|first=Daniel C.|title=100 Years Ago: Punch Cards and the Census|journal=Scientific American|date=Sep 2009|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=50-100-150-sept-09|accessdate=22 February 2012}}
11. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|last=Gray|first=George|title=Remington Rand Tabulating Machines|url=https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/Remington_Rand_Tabulating_Machines|work=Research Community Wiki|publisher=Georgia Tech College of Computing|accessdate=22 February 2012|date=May 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826161017/https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/Remington_Rand_Tabulating_Machines#|archive-date=2012-08-26|dead-url=yes|df=}}
12. ^¹{{cite book|last=Campbell-Kelly|first=Martin|title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley and Sons Ltd.|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=978-0-470-86412-8|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1074706&CFID=86278866&CFTOKEN=38677847|edition=4th| accessdate=22 February 2012}}
13. ^¹{{cite news|title=James Powers|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/10/118002306.pdf|accessdate=23 February 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=10 Nov 1927}}