“Darsūniškis”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Darsūniškis ({{lang-pl|Dorsuniszki}}, {{lang-yi|דאַרשונישאָק}}, Darshonishok)^[1] is a settlement on the Nemunas River in Kaišiadorys District Municipality, western Lithuania. The village is one of the oldest settlements in Lithuania and dates back to the 14th century.

History

The hill fort of Darsūniškis was part of the defense system against the Teutonic Order. It was located on the crusaders' path from Insteburg in Prussia (today Chernyakhovsk) to Trakai. Mentioned in German sources as Dirsunen, the hill fort was burned by the Teutonic Knights in 1372 and in the following years.^[2]^[3] The rebuilt castle was a favored hunting location of Grand Duke Vytautas, to whom the founding of the first church at the beginning of the 15th century is attributed.^[3] In the 15th century, Darsūniškis was already a town with a parochial church endowed by the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1473 and 1492.^[4] The town with near estates (Polish: starostwo dorsunskie) was granted to Barbara Radziwiłł, Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania.^[5]

From the beginning of the 16th century to the 19th century, Darsūniškis was in the possession of the Ogiński family. The property was confiscated by the Russian government after the November Uprising of 1831. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the town was a center of trade and crafts, especially wood trade. It had a pier for the trade of boats on the Nemunas River.^[6] On the beginning of the Swedish invasion of Poland in the Great Northern War Swedish regiments were defeated in the Battle of Darsūniškis on March 24, 1702 by the Polish-Lithuanian Army. Soon Charles XII of Sweden came with main forces and ordered to burn the town in revenge on 12 April 1702 - only the church was spared.^[7] On 7 December 1791, Darsūniškis received the privilege approving its Magdeburg rights (i.e. status of a city). The coat of arms was also confirmed.^[8] Local census of 1890 counted 737 inhabitants of Darsūniškis (540 Lithuanians, 102 Jews, 90 Poles, 5 Russians).^[9] The Jewish citizens (about 15% of the general population in 1923) were killed during the Holocaust in Lithuania in August and September 1941 by the Lithuanians collaborating with Nazi Germany.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Three wooden entrance gates to the town with chapels and the Church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary (1848) are the most interesting monuments still preserved.

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~community~-2613678|title=Technical Problem Form|work=jewishgen.org}}
2. ^J, N, Fijałek, Dorsuniszki. Kwartalnik Historyczny, XLIV, t. I, (1930), s. 333-335.
3. ^J.N. Fijałek, Dorsuniszki. Kwartalnik Historyczny, XLIV, t. I, (1930), s. 336-337.
4. ^J.N. Fijałek, Dorsuniszki. Kwartalnik Historyczny, XLIV, t. I, (1930), s. 337-338.
5. ^"Dorsuniszki" in Słownik Geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych Krajów Słowiańskich, Warszawa 1881, t.2 p. 131
6. ^¹"Darsūniškis." Mūsų Lietuva, T. 1. – Bostonas: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla, 1964. p.487,
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kaisiadoriumuziejus.lt/enciklopedija/index.php?title=Dars%C5%ABni%C5%A1kis|publisher=kaisiadoriumuziejus.lt|title=Darsūniškis - Kaišiadorių enciklopedija|accessdate=2017-07-15}}
8. ^„Kauno marios“. Paruošė Lietuvos TSR paminklų apsaugos ir kraštotyros draugijos Kauno skyrius // Vilnius, „Mokslas“, 1981. p.45.
9. ^Materyały antropologiczno-archeologiczne i etnograficzne, Kraków 1896, T.1-3 p.39 [https://books.google.pl/books?id=J08-AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA5-PA39&lpg=RA5-PA39&dq=dorsuniszki&source=bl&ots=rVmjrv0r-v&sig=IVFIbf6nmxErIudwX8khAW1Zc4E&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAmoVChMIjcPT0PmNxwIVp_5yCh2SrAEF#v=onepage&q=dorsuniszki&f=false]
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaustatlas.lt/EN/#a_atlas/search//page/1/item/64/|publisher=holocaustatlas.lt|title=Holocaust Atlas of Lithuania|accessdate=2017-07-15}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaustatlas.lt/EN/#a_atlas/search//page/1/item/63/|publisher=holocaustatlas.lt|title=Holocaust Atlas of Lithuania|accessdate=2017-07-15}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/he/research/ghettos_encyclopedia/ghetto_details.asp?cid=265|publisher=yadvashem.org|title=המכון הבין-לאומי לחקר השואה - יד ושם ("Darsunishki" at Yad Vaschem web page) |accessdate=2017-07-15}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_lita/lit_00212.html|publisher=jewishgen.org|title=Pinkas Hakehillot Lita: “Darsuniškis” - Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Lithuania |accessdate=2017-07-15}}