| 词条 | Darvaza gas crater |
| 释义 |
| name = Darvaza gas crater | location_map =Turkmenistan | location_map_width = | location_map_text = Location of the Darvaza gas crater in Turkmenistan | coordinates = {{coord|40.2525|58.4396|format=dms|type:landmark_region:TM|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | region = Derweze, Ahal Province | country = Turkmenistan | locblock = | offonshore = onshore | operators = | partners = | image = Darvasa gas crater panorama.jpg | caption = Panorama of the gas site burning, 2011 | discovery = 1971 | startofproduction = | peakofproduction = | abandonment = 1971 | currentproductionoil = | currentproductiongas = | estimatedstoiip = | estimatedgiip = | producingformations = }} The Darvaza gas crater ({{lang-tk|Jähennem derwezesi}}, Җәхеннем дервезеси),[1][2][3] known locally as the "Door to Hell" or ''Gates of Hell", is a natural gas field collapsed into an underground cavern located in Derweze, Turkmenistan.[4] Geologists intentionally set it on fire to prevent the spread of methane gas, and it is thought to have been burning continuously since 1971. The diameter of the crater is {{convert|69|m}}, and its depth is {{convert|30|m}}.[5] The Turkmen government hope that the crater will become a popular tourist attraction.[6] The gas crater has a total area of {{val|5350|u=m2|fmt=commas}}. The surrounding area is also popular for wild desert camping. GeographyThe gas crater is located near the village of Derweze, also known as Darvaza. It is in the middle of the Karakum Desert, about {{Convert|260|km}} north of Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan. The gas reserve found here is one of the largest in the world. The name "Door to Hell" was given to the field by the locals, referring to the fire, boiling mud, and orange flames in the large crater, which has a diameter of {{convert|70|m}}.[7] The hot spots range over an area with a width of {{Convert|60|m}} and to a depth of about {{Convert|20|m}}.[8] HistoryAccording to Turkmen geologist Anatoly Bushmakin, the site was identified by Soviet engineers in 1971.[6] It was originally thought to be a substantial oil field site.[9] The engineers set up a drilling rig and operations to assess the quantity of oil available at the site. Soon after the preliminary survey found a natural gas pocket, the ground beneath the drilling rig and camp collapsed into a wide crater and was buried.[6] Expecting dangerous releases of poisonous gases from the cavern into nearby towns, the engineers thought it best to burn the gas off. It was estimated that the gas would burn out within a few weeks, but it has instead continued to burn for more than four decades.[6] The early years of the crater's history are uncertain:[10] local geologists say the collapse into a crater happened in the 1960s, and the gases were not set on fire until the 1980s. There are, however, no records available of either the Soviet or Turkmen version of events.[5][3] In April 2010, the President of Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, visited the site and ordered that the hole should be closed. In 2013, he declared the part of the Karakum Desert with the crater a nature reserve.[6] The crater was featured in an episode of the short-lived (2014) National Geographic Channel series Die Trying. In the July 16, 2014 episode "Crater of Fire", explorer George Kourounis became the first person to ever set foot at the bottom, gathering samples of extremophile microorganisms.[11] An edited photograph of the crater was also released as publicity for the then-upcoming 2014 Godzilla film, with the image depicting MONARCH agents and vehicles investigating the site. Effects on future development of gasOn President Berdimuhamedow's April 2010 visit, he recommended that measures be taken to limit the crater's influence on the development of other natural gas fields in the area.[8] At that time, Turkmenistan announced plans to increase its production of natural gas, intending to increase its export of gas to many countries such as Pakistan, China, India, Iran, Russia, and Western Europe, from its then yearly production level to a new production level of {{convert|225|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=off}} by 2030.[8] See also{{Portal|Central Asia|Soviet Union|Turkmenistan|Energy}}
References{{commons category|Derweze gas fire}}1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/topics/science/earth/article/2016/06/24/turkmenistans-door-hell-has-been-burning-45-years|title=Turkmenistan’s 'door to hell' has been burning for 45 years|last=Soldani|first=Bianca|date=2016-06-24|work=|newspaper=Topics|language=en|access-date=2017-01-27|via=}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/giant-hole-ground-has-been-fire-more-40-years-180951247/|title=This Hellish Desert Pit Has Been On Fire for More Than 40 Years|last=Geiling|first=Natasha|date=2014-05-20|work=|newspaper=Smithsonian|language=en|access-date=2017-01-27|via=}} 3. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/turkmenistan-darvaza-gas-crater-the-door-to-hell-photos-2017-1?r=US&IR=T|title=I traveled to the middle of the desert to see 'The Door To Hell'|last=Davies|first=Elliott|date=2017-01-26|work=|newspaper=Business Insider|language=en|access-date=2017-01-28|via=}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/turkmenistan-has-its-very-own-gate-to-hell|title=Turkmenistan Has Its Very Own 'Gate to Hell'|last=Bland|first=Stephen|date=2014-04-08|website=Vice|publisher=|language=en-us|access-date=2017-01-28}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2014/07/140716-door-to-hell-darvaza-crater-george-kourounis-expedition/|title=Q&A: The First-Ever Expedition to Turkmenistan's "Door to Hell"|date=2014-07-14|website=|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=2017-01-28|first=Christina |last=Nunez}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/turkmenistan-hopes-door-to-hell-will-boost-tourism-1.1880647|title=Turkmenistan hopes 'Door to Hell' will boost tourism|last=|first=|date=2014-06-22|work=|publisher=Relaxnews|access-date=2017-01-28|via=CTV News}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/infotainment/14-Sep-2012/what-a-hell-hole|title=What a ‘hell hole’!|last=|first=|date=2012-09-14|work=|publisher=Pakistan Daily Times|via=|accessdate=2012-10-11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606231839/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/infotainment/14-Sep-2012/what-a-hell-hole|archivedate=2014-06-06|df=}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/04/20/us-turkmenistan-crater-odd-idUSTRE63J4H120100420|title=Turkmen president wants to close "Hell's Gate"|first=Marat|date=2010-04-20|work=|publisher=Reuters|via=|last=Gurt|accessdate=2012-12-16}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Earth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhQAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=10 October 2012|date=January 2010|publisher=American Geological Institute|last1=Press |first1=Frank |last2=Siever |first2= Raymond|page=22}} 10. ^{{cite news|last=Shearlaw|first=Maeve|title=Dropping in on Turkmenistan's 'door to hell' – in pictures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/-sp-door-to-hell-turkmenistan-in-pictures|accessdate=2017-04-29|work=The Guardian|date=2014-07-18}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2014/07/140716-door-to-hell-darvaza-crater-george-kourounis-expedition/|title=Q&A: The First-Ever Expedition to Turkmenistan's "Door to Hell"|first=|date=2014-07-16|work=|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=2017-01-28|via=|author=Christina Nunez}} 6 : Ahal Province|Energy in Turkmenistan|Natural gas fields in Turkmenistan|Persistent natural fires|Subsidence craters|Natural gas fields in the Soviet Union |
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