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词条 Prednisone
释义

  1. Medical uses

  2. Side effects

      Major    Minor    Dependency    Withdrawal  

  3. Pharmacology

     Pharmacokinetics 

  4. Industry

  5. Chemistry

  6. History

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Distinguish|Prednisolone}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}{{Infobox drug
| drug_name =
| type =
| IUPAC_name = 17,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione
| image = Prednisone.svg
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 = Prednisone2.png
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|prednisone}}
| tradename = Deltasone, Liquid Pred, Orasone, Adasone, others
| MedlinePlus = a601102
| licence_EU =
| licence_US =
| pregnancy_AU = A
| pregnancy_US = C
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_CA =
| legal_UK =
| legal_US = Rx only
| legal_status =
| routes_of_administration = By mouth
| bioavailability = 70%
| metabolism = prednisolone (liver)
| elimination_half-life = 3 to 4 hours in adults. 1 to 2 hours in children[1]
| excretion = Renal
| CAS_number = 53-03-2
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| ATC_prefix = A07
| ATC_suffix = EA03
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|H02|AB07}}
| PubChem = 5865
| IUPHAR_ligand = 7096
| DrugBank = DB00635
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| ChemSpiderID = 5656
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| UNII = VB0R961HZT
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| KEGG = C07370
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| ChEBI = 8382
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 635
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| synonyms =
| C=21
| H=26
| O=5
| molecular_weight = 358.428 g/mol
| melting_point = 230
| StdInChI = 1S/C21H26O5/c1-19-7-5-13(23)9-12(19)3-4-14-15-6-8-21(26,17(25)11-22)20(15,2)10-16(24)18(14)19/h5,7,9,14-15,18,22,26H,3-4,6,8,10-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,18+,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey = XOFYZVNMUHMLCC-ZPOLXVRWSA-N
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| verifiedrevid = 464213538
| Verifiedfields = changed
| smiles = O=C(CO)[C@@]3(O)CC[C@H]2[C@@H]4CC\\C1=C\\C(=O)\\C=C/[C@]1(C)[C@H]4C(=O)C[C@@]23C
}}Prednisone is a glucocorticoid medication mostly used to suppress the immune system and decrease inflammation in conditions such as asthma, COPD, and rheumatologic diseases.[2] It is also used to treat high blood calcium due to cancer and adrenal insufficiency along with other steroids.[2] It is taken by mouth.[2]

Common side effects with long term use include cataracts, bone loss, easy bruising, muscle weakness, and thrush.[2] Other side effects include weight gain, swelling, high blood sugar, increased risk of infection, and psychosis.[3][2] It is generally considered safe in pregnancy and low doses appear to be safe when breastfeeding.[4] After prolonged use, prednisone needs to be stopped gradually.[2]

Prednisone must be converted to prednisolone by the liver before it becomes active.[5][6] Prednisolone then binds to glucocorticoid receptors, activating them and triggering changes in gene expression.[3]

Prednisone was patented in 1954 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1955.[2][7] It is available as a generic medication.[2] In the United States, the wholesale cost per dose was less than US$0.30 in 2018.[8] In 2016, it was the 31st most prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 23 million prescriptions.[9]

Medical uses

Prednisone is used for many different autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions, including asthma, COPD, CIDP, rheumatic disorders, allergic disorders, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, adrenocortical insufficiency, hypercalcemia due to cancer, thyroiditis, laryngitis, severe tuberculosis, hives, lipid pneumonitis, pericarditis, multiple sclerosis, nephrotic syndrome, sarcoidosis, to relieve the effects of shingles, lupus, myasthenia gravis, poison oak exposure, Ménière's disease, autoimmune hepatitis, giant-cell arteritis, the Herxheimer reaction that is common during the treatment of syphilis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, uveitis, and as part of a drug regimen to prevent rejection after organ transplant.[10][11][12]

Prednisone has also been used in the treatment of migraine headaches and cluster headaches and for severe aphthous ulcer.[13] Prednisone is used as an antitumor drug.[14] It is important in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and other hormone-sensitive tumors, in combination with other anticancer drugs.

Prednisone can be used in the treatment of decompensated heart failure to increase renal responsiveness to diuretics, especially in heart failure patients with refractory diuretic resistance with large dose of loop diuretics.[15][16][17][18][19][20] In terms of the mechanism of action for this purpose: prednisone, a glucocorticoid, can improve renal responsiveness to atrial natriuretic peptide by increasing the density of natriuretic peptide receptor type A in the renal inner medullary collecting duct, inducing a potent diuresis.[21]

Side effects

Short-term side effects, as with all glucocorticoids, include high blood glucose levels (especially in patients with diabetes mellitus or on other medications that increase blood glucose, such as tacrolimus) and mineralocorticoid effects such as fluid retention.[22] The mineralocorticoid effects of prednisone are minor, which is why it is not used in the management of adrenal insufficiency, unless a more potent mineralocorticoid is administered concomitantly.

It can also cause depression or depressive symptoms and anxiety in some individuals.[23][24]

Long-term side effects include Cushing's syndrome, steroid dementia syndrome,[25] truncal weight gain, osteoporosis, glaucoma and cataracts, diabetes mellitus type 2, and depression upon dose reduction or cessation.[26] Prednisone also results in leukocytosis.[27]

Major

  • Increased blood sugar for individuals with diabetes
  • Difficulty controlling emotion
  • Difficulty in maintaining train of thought
  • Weight gain
  • Immunosuppression
  • Corticosteroid-induced lipodystrophy (moon face, central obesity)
  • Depression, mania, psychosis, or other psychiatric symptoms
  • Unusual fatigue or weakness
  • Mental confusion / indecisiveness
  • Memory and attention dysfunction (steroid dementia syndrome)
  • Muscle atrophy[28]
  • Blurred vision
  • Abdominal pain
  • Peptic ulcer
  • Painful hips or shoulders
  • Steroid-induced osteoporosis
  • Stretch marks
  • Osteonecrosis – same as avascular necrosis
  • Insomnia
  • Severe joint pain
  • Cataracts or glaucoma
  • Anxiety
  • Black stool
  • Stomach pain or bloating
  • Severe swelling
  • Mouth sores or dry mouth
  • Avascular necrosis
  • Hepatic steatosis
[22]

Minor

  • Nervousness
  • Acne
  • Skin rash
  • Appetite gain
  • Hyperactivity
  • Increased thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Diarrhea
  • Reduced intestinal flora
  • Leg pain/cramps
  • Sensitive teeth
  • Headache
  • Induced vomiting
[22]

Dependency

Adrenal suppression will begin to occur if prednisone is taken for longer than seven days. Eventually, this may cause the body to temporarily lose the ability to manufacture natural corticosteroids (especially cortisol), which results in dependence on prednisone. For this reason, prednisone should not be abruptly stopped if taken for more than seven days; instead, the dosage should be gradually reduced. This weaning process may be over a few days if the course of prednisone was short, but may take weeks or months[29] if the patient had been on long-term treatment. Abrupt withdrawal may lead to an Addison crisis. For those on chronic therapy, alternate-day dosing may preserve adrenal function and thereby reduce side effects.[30]

Glucocorticoids act to inhibit feedback of both the hypothalamus, decreasing corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH], and corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, decreasing the amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]. For this reason, glucocorticoid analogue drugs such as prednisone down-regulate the natural synthesis of glucocorticoids. This mechanism leads to dependence in a short time and can be dangerous if medications are withdrawn too quickly. The body must have time to begin synthesis of CRH and ACTH and for the adrenal glands to begin functioning normally again.

Withdrawal

The magnitude and speed of dose reduction in corticosteroid withdrawal should be determined on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the underlying condition being treated, and individual patient factors such as the likelihood of relapse and the duration of corticosteroid treatment. Gradual withdrawal of systemic corticosteroids should be considered in those whose disease is unlikely to relapse and have:

  • received more than 40 mg prednisone (or equivalent) daily for more than 1 week
  • been given repeat doses in the evening;
  • received more than 3 weeks' treatment
  • recently received repeated courses (particularly if taken for longer than 3 weeks)
  • taken a short course within 1 year of stopping long-term therapy
  • other possible causes of adrenal suppression

Systemic corticosteroids may be stopped abruptly in those whose disease is unlikely to relapse and who have received treatment for 3 weeks or less and who are not included in the patient groups described above.

During corticosteroid withdrawal, the dose may be reduced rapidly down to physiological doses (equivalent to prednisolone 7.5 mg daily) and then reduced more slowly. Assessment of the disease may be needed during withdrawal to ensure that relapse does not occur.[31]

Pharmacology

Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid used for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties.[32][33] Prednisone is a prodrug; it is metabolised in the liver by 11-β-HSD to prednisolone, the active drug. Prednisone has no substantial biological effects until converted via hepatic metabolism to prednisolone.[34]

Pharmacokinetics

Prednisone is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and has a half life of 2-3 hours.[33] it has a volume of distribution of 0.4-1L/kg.[35] The drug is cleared by hepatic metabolism using cytochrome P450 enzymes. Metabolites are excreted in the bile and urine.[35]

Industry

The pharmaceutical industry uses prednisone tablets for the calibration of dissolution testing equipment according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).

Chemistry

Prednisone is a synthetic pregnane corticosteroid and derivative of cortisone and is also known as δ1-cortisone or 1,2-dehydrocortisone or as 17α,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione.[36][37]

History

The first isolation and structure identifications of prednisone and prednisolone were done in 1950 by Arthur Nobile.[38][39][40] The first commercially feasible synthesis of prednisone was carried out in 1955 in the laboratories of Schering Corporation, which later became Schering-Plough Corporation, by Arthur Nobile and coworkers.[41] They discovered that cortisone could be microbiologically oxidized to prednisone by the bacterium Corynebacterium simplex. The same process was used to prepare prednisolone from hydrocortisone.[42]

The enhanced adrenocorticoid activity of these compounds over cortisone and hydrocortisone was demonstrated in mice.[42]

Prednisone and prednisolone were introduced in 1955 by Schering and Upjohn, under the brand names Meticorten[43] and Delta-Cortef,[44] respectively. These prescription medicines are now available from a number of manufacturers as generic drugs.

See also

  • Chloroprednisone

References

1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Pickup ME | title = Clinical pharmacokinetics of prednisone and prednisolone | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–28 | date = 1979 | pmid = 378499 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-197904020-00004 }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |title=Prednisone Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/prednisone.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=AHFS |accessdate=24 December 2018 |language=en}}
3. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Brunton |first1=Laurence |title=Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics |date=2017 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-1-25-958473-2 |pages=739, 746, 1237|edition=13}}
4. ^{{cite web |title=Prednisone Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/prednisone.html |website=Drugs.com |accessdate=24 December 2018 |language=en}}
5. ^{{cite web |title = Product Information Panafcort® (prednisone) Panafcortelone® (prednisolone) |url= https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-06868-3&d=2018063016114622483 |website=TGA eBusiness Services |publisher=Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd |access-date=30 June 2018 |location=St Leonards, Australia |pages=1–2 |format=PDF |date=11 July 2017}}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Buttgereit F, Gibofsky A | title = Delayed-release prednisone - a new approach to an old therapy | journal = Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 1097–106 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23594208 | doi = 10.1517/14656566.2013.782001 }}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Fischer|first1=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=485|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA485|language=en}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19 |url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4 |website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services |accessdate=22 December 2018 |language=en}}
9. ^{{cite web |title=The Top 300 of 2019 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |website=clincalc.com |accessdate=22 December 2018}}
10. ^{{EMedicine|article|172356|Autoimmune Hepatitis|treatment}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov//Corticosteroids.htm|title=Corticosteroids|website=livertox.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-04-07}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Prednisone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/prednisone.html|work=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=3 April 2011}}
13. ^{{cite book |last1=Wackym |first1=P. Ashley |last2=Snow |first2=James B. |title=Ballenger's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery |date=2017 |publisher=PMPH USA |isbn=9781607951773 |page=1185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFwrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1185 |language=en}}
14. ^{{cite web | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Medical Subject Headings. | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Antineoplastic+Agents,+Hormonal | title = Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal | date = 2009 | access-date = 11 November 2010 }}
15. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Riemer AD | title = Application of the newer corticosteroids to augment diuresis in congestive heart failure | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 488–96 | date = April 1958 | pmid = 13520608 | doi = 10.1016/0002-9149(58)90120-6 }}
16. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Newman DA | title = Reversal of intractable cardiac edema with prednisone | journal = New York State Journal of Medicine | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | pages = 625–33 | date = February 1959 | pmid = 13632954 }}
17. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang H, Liu C, Ji Z, Liu G, Zhao Q, Ao YG, Wang L, Deng B, Zhen Y, Tian L, Ji L, Liu K | title = Prednisone adding to usual care treatment for refractory decompensated congestive heart failure | journal = International Heart Journal | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–95 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18971570 | doi = 10.1536/ihj.49.587 }}
18. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu C, Liu G, Zhou C, Ji Z, Zhen Y, Liu K | title = Potent diuretic effects of prednisone in heart failure patients with refractory diuretic resistance | journal = The Canadian Journal of Cardiology | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 865–8 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17876376 | pmc = 2651362 | doi = 10.1016/s0828-282x(07)70840-1 | url = http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2651362?pdf=render | format = Full text }}
19. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu C, Chen H, Zhou C, Ji Z, Liu G, Gao Y, Tian L, Yao L, Zheng Y, Zhao Q, Liu K | title = Potent potentiating diuretic effects of prednisone in congestive heart failure | journal = Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 173–6 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17086096 | doi = 10.1097/01.fjc.0000245242.57088.5b }}
20. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Massari F, Mastropasqua F, Iacoviello M, Nuzzolese V, Torres D, Parrinello G | title = The glucocorticoid in acute decompensated heart failure: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 517.e5-10 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 21406321 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2011.01.023 }}
21. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu C, Chen Y, Kang Y, Ni Z, Xiu H, Guan J, Liu K | title = Glucocorticoids improve renal responsiveness to atrial natriuretic peptide by up-regulating natriuretic peptide receptor-A expression in the renal inner medullary collecting duct in decompensated heart failure | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 339 | issue = 1 | pages = 203–9 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21737535 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.111.184796 }}
22. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/steroids/art-20045692?pg=2|title=Prednisone and other corticosteroids: Balance the risks and benefits - Mayo Clinic|work=Mayo Clinic|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en}}
23. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/prednisone.html | title = Prednisone Information | work = Drugs.com }}
24. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601102.html#side-effects | title = Prednisone | work = MedlinePlus Drug Information }}
25. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolkowitz OM, Lupien SJ, Bigler ED | title = The "steroid dementia syndrome": a possible model of human glucocorticoid neurotoxicity | journal = Neurocase | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 189–200 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17786779 | doi = 10.1080/13554790701475468 }}
26. ^{{Cite news |url= https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/steroids |title=Steroids | date = April 2016 | publisher = Australian Department of Health & Human Services |access-date=2018-06-14 }}
27. ^{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Neil R. |last2=Walsh |first2=Frank Burton |last3=Hoyt |first3=William Fletcher |title=Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9780781748117 |page=1062 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9RA2ZOPRuhgC&pg=PA1062 |language=en}}
28. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Schakman O, Gilson H, Kalista S, Thissen JP | title = Mechanisms of muscle atrophy induced by glucocorticoids | journal = Hormone Research | volume = 72 Suppl 1 | pages = 36–41 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19940494 | doi = 10.1159/000229762 }}
29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/steroid_withdrawal/article.htm|title=Steroid Drug Withdrawal Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis|work=MedicineNet|access-date=2018-06-14|language=en}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uspharmacist.com/NewLook/CE/glucocort/lesson.htm |title=Therapeutic and Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids |work=Bello CS, Garrett SD. U.S. Pharmacist Continuing Education Program no. 430-000-99-028-H01, August 1999 |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711145809/http://www.uspharmacist.com/NewLook/CE/glucocort/lesson.htm |archive-date=11 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
31. ^{{Cite journal |last=Iliopoulou |first=Amalia |last2=Abbas |first2=Afroze |last3=Murray |first3=Robert | name-list-format = vanc |date=2013-05-19 |title=How to manage withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy |journal=Prescriber |volume=24|issue=10|pages=23–29|doi=10.1002/psb.1060 }}
32. ^{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=DE |title=Basic and clinical pharmacology of glucocorticosteroids. |journal=Anesthesia progress |date=2013 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=25-31; quiz 32 |doi=10.2344/0003-3006-60.1.25 |pmid=23506281 |accessdate=29 January 2019|pmc=3601727 }}
33. ^1 {{cite web |title=Prednisone |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00635 |website=www.drugbank.ca |accessdate=29 January 2019}}
34. ^Medline drug information for prednisone
35. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Schijvens |first1=Anne M. |last2=ter Heine |first2=Rob |last3=de Wildt |first3=Saskia N. |last4=Schreuder |first4=Michiel F. |title=Pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of prednisone and prednisolone in patients with nephrotic syndrome |journal=Pediatric Nephrology |date=16 March 2018 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=389–403 |doi=10.1007/s00467-018-3929-z |accessdate=29 January 2019}}
36. ^{{cite book|author=J. Elks|title=The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1013|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3|pages=1013–}}
37. ^{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA871|date=January 2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=871–}}
38. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Wainwright M | title = The secret of success: Arthur Nobile's discovery of the steroids prednisone and prednisolone in the 1950s revolutionised the treatment of arthritis | journal = Chemistry in Britain | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | date = 1998 | pages = 46 | oclc = 106716069 }}
39. ^{{cite web| title = Inventor Profile: Arthur Nobile |work = National Inventors Hall of Fame|url= http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/355.html |deadurl=yes |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120612062323/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/355.html |archive-date=12 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}
40. ^{{cite web | title = Arthur Nobile | work=New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame |url= http://www.stevens.edu/njinvent/2000/inductees_2000/nobile.html |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901232600/http://www.stevens.edu/njinvent/2000/inductees_2000/nobile.html | archive-date = 1 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}
41. ^{{cite book | title = Merck Index | edition = 14th | page = 1327 | date = 2006 | publisher = Merck & Co. Inc | isbn = 978-0-911910-00-1 }}
42. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Herzog HL, Nobile A, Tolksdorf S, Charney W, Hershberg EB, Perlman PL, Pechet MM | title = New antiarthritic steroids | journal = Science | volume = 121 | issue = 3136 | pages = 176 | date = February 1955 | pmid = 13225767 | doi = 10.1126/science.121.3136.176 }}
43. ^{{cite web | title = New Drug Application (NDA): 009766 | work = FDA Approved Drug Products | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=009766 }}
44. ^{{cite web | title = New Drug Application (NDA): 009987 | work = FDA Approved Drug Products | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=009987 }}

External links

  • U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Prednisone
  • [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000091 The National Center for Biotechnology Information: Prednisone]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120612062323/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/355.html National Inventors Hall of Fame induction of Arthur Nobile ]
{{Glucocorticoids}}{{Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents}}{{Orexigenics}}{{Glucocorticoid receptor modulators}}{{Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators}}

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