“Pre-ejaculate”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculatory fluid, pre-seminal fluid or Cowper's fluid, and colloquially as pre-cum) is a clear, colorless, viscous fluid that is emitted from the urethra of the penis during sexual arousal. It is similar in composition to semen but has distinct chemical differences. The presence of sperm in the fluid is variable from low to absent. Pre-ejaculate functions as a lubricant and an acid neutralizer.

Origin and composition

The fluid is discharged from the urethra of the penis during arousal, masturbation, foreplay or at an early stage during sexual intercourse, some time before the individual fully reaches orgasm and semen is ejaculated. It is primarily produced by the bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands), with the glands of Littre (the mucus-secreting urethral glands) also contributing.^[1]^[2] The amount of fluid that is issued varies widely among individuals. Some individuals do not produce any pre-ejaculate fluid,^[3] while others emit as much as {{convert|5|ml|lk=in|abbr=on}}.^[1]^[4]

Pre-ejaculate contains some chemicals associated with semen, such as acid phosphatase. However, other semen markers, such as gamma-glutamyltransferase, are completely absent from pre-ejaculate fluid.^[5]

Function and risks

Pre-ejaculate neutralizes residual acidity in the urethra caused by urine, creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm.^[2] The vagina is normally acidic, so the deposit of pre-ejaculate before the emission of semen may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival.^[1] Pre-ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during sexual activity,^[1] and plays a role in semen coagulation.^[1]

Low levels or no sperm exists in pre-ejaculate, although studies examined small samples of men.^[4]^[12] Two contrary studies found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration.^[6]^[7] Popular belief – dating to a 1966 Masters and Johnson study^[8] – stated that pre-ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy, which is a common basis of argument against the use of coitus interruptus (withdrawal) as a contraceptive method. However, pre-ejaculate is ineffectual at causing pregnancy.^[4]^[9]

Studies have demonstrated the presence of HIV in most pre-ejaculate samples from infected men.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Overproduction

In rare cases, an individual may produce an excessive amount of pre-ejaculate fluid that can be a cause of embarrassment or irritation. A few case reports have indicated satisfactory results when such individuals are treated with a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, such as finasteride.^[1]

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{Cite journal| author = Chudnovsky, A. | author2 = Niederberger, C.S. | year = 2007 | title = Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands--Major Headaches | journal = Journal of Andrology | pmid = 17251594 | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 374–5 | doi = 10.2164/jandrol.107.002576}}
2. ^¹{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chughtai B, Sawas A, O'Malley RL, Naik RR, Ali Khan S, Pentyala S |title=A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland |journal=Int. J. Androl. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=74–7 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15811067 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x |url=}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|author=Vazquez E |title=Is it safe to suck? |journal=Posit Aware |volume=8 |issue=4 |page=15 |year=1997 |pmid=11364482 |doi= |url=}}
4. ^¹²{{Cite journal|author1=Zukerman Z. |author2=Weiss D.B. |author3=Orvieto R. | title=Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm? | journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics |date=April 2003 | volume=20 | issue=4 | pmid=12762415 | pages=157–159 | doi=10.1023/A:1022933320700 | pmc=3455634}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|author=Gohara WF |title=Rate of decrease of glutamyltransferase and acid phosphatase activities in the human vagina after coitus |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=254–7 |date=February 1980 |pmid=6101549 |doi= |url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6101549}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|vauthors=Killick SR, Leary C, Trussell J, Guthrie KA |doi=10.3109/14647273.2010.520798|year=2011|title=Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid|journal=Human Fertility|volume=14|issue=1|pages=48–52|pmid=21155689|pmc=3564677}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kovavisarach|first1=E.|last2=Lorthanawanich|first2=S.|last3=Muangsamran|first3=P.|title=Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males|journal=J Med Assoc Thai|date=2016|volume=99 Suppl 2|pages=S38–41|pmid=27266214|issn=0125-2208}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Masters|first=W.H.|title=Johnson, V.E.|year=1966|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|location=Boston, MA|page=211}}
9. ^¹²{{Cite journal| title=Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid | journal=Contraceptive Technology Update |date=October 1993 | volume=14 | issue=10 | pmid=12286905 | pages=154–156}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4|authors=Pudney, J., Oneta, M., Mayer, K., Seage, G., Anderson, D.|title=Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1|journal=Lancet|year=1992|volume=340|page=1470|pmid=1360584|issue=8833}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3|authors=Ilaria, G., Jacobs, J.L., Polsky, B.|title=Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid|journal=Lancet|year=1992|volume=340|issue=8833|page=1469|pmid=1360583|display-authors=etal}}