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词条 President of the European Council
释义

  1. History

  2. Permanent post

  3. First full-time president

  4. Duties and powers

     Pre-2009  Post-2009 

  5. Privileges of office

  6. President's cabinet

  7. Democratic mandate

     Relationship with Commission 

  8. List of Presidents of the European Council

     Rotating presidency  Permanent presidents 

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. External links

{{Distinguish|Presidency of the Council of the European Union|President of the European Commission}}{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}{{Infobox official post
| post = President
| body = the European Council
| insignia = Council of the EU and European Council.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = Emblem of European Council
| flag = Flag of Europe.svg
| flagsize = 130
| flagcaption = Flag of Europe
| image = EPP Helsinki Congress in Finland, 7-8 November 2018 (31908957628) (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = Donald Tusk
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2014
| department = European Council
| style = Mr. President
| status = Presiding and chief administrative officer
| member_of = European Council (non-voting)
| residence = Europa building
| seat = Brussels, Belgium
| appointer = European Council
| appointer_qualified = by qualified majority
| termlength = 2.5 years, renewable once
| constituting_instrument = Treaties of the European Union
| precursor = Chairman of the European Council
| formation = 1 December 2009
| first = Herman Van Rompuy
| website = {{url|http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/european-council/president/|consilium.europa.eu}}
}}

The President of the European Council is the person presiding over and driving forward the work of the European Council, as well as a principal representative of the European Union (EU) on the world stage.[1] This institution comprises the college of heads of state or government of EU member states as well as the President of the European Commission, and provides political direction to the European Union (EU).

From 1975 to 2009, the head of the European Council was an unofficial position (often referred to as the President-in-Office) held by the head of state or government of the member state holding the semiannually rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union at any given time. However, since the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon, article 15 of Treaty on European Union states that the European Council appoints a full-time president for a two-and-a-half-year term, with the possibility of renewal once. Appointments, as well as the removal of incumbents, require a double majority support in the European Council.

On 19 November 2009, the European Council agreed that its first president under the Lisbon Treaty would be Herman Van Rompuy (European People's Party, Belgium). Van Rompuy took office when the Lisbon Treaty came into force on 1 December 2009 with a term stretching until 31 May 2012.[2] His term was later extended with a second period ending on 30 November 2014.

The second and current president is former Polish prime minister Donald Tusk. He was originally elected to serve a term from 1 December 2014 to 31 May 2017[3] and subsequently reelected on 9 March 2017 to a second term running from 1 June 2017 until 30 November 2019.[4]

History

{{Further|List of European Councils}}

The first meeting of all EU (then EC) heads of state or government was held in 1961 as an informal summit, but only became formalised in 1974, when it was baptised "European Council" by the then French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. The Presidency of the European Council was based on the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, with it being hosted by the member state holding the Council Presidency, rotating every six months. As the European Council is composed of national leaders, it was chaired by the head of state or government of the Presidency state.[5][6][7]

Permanent post

The European Constitution, drafted by the European Convention, outlined the "President of the European Council" as a longer term and full-time chairmanship.[8] The Constitution was rejected by voters in two Member States during ratification but the changes envisaged to the European Council presidency were retained in the Treaty of Lisbon, which came into force on 1 December 2009.

The first president is expected to define the role for future office holders, as there is no clear idea of how the post would evolve.[9] One body of thought was that the President would stick to the administrative role as outlined by the treaty, a standard bearer who would simply chair meetings and ensure the smooth running of the body and its policies. This would attract semi-retired leaders seeking a fitting climax to their career and would leave most work to the Commission rather than wield power within the institutions.[10] However another opinion envisages a more pro-active President within the Union and speaking for it abroad. This post would hence be quickly fashioned into a de facto "President of Europe" and, unlike the first model, would be seen on the world stage as speaking for the EU. Persons connected to this position would be more charismatic leaders.[8] The appointment of Herman Van Rompuy (see below) indicated a desire to see the former style of president.

The Treaty of Lisbon does not define a nomination process for the President of the Council and several official and unofficial candidates were proposed. At the final European Council meeting on the treaty in Lisbon, on 19 November 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy set off public speculation on candidates by naming Tony Blair, Felipe González and Jean-Claude Juncker, and praising the three as worthy candidates[11] with Blair in particular being a long time front runner for the post. However, he faced large scale opposition for being from a large state outside the eurozone and the Schengen Area as well as being a leader who entered the Iraq War which had split Europe. Minor opposition to other leaders such as Juncker also led to their rejection.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

First full-time president

On 19 November 2009, Herman Van Rompuy, at that time Prime Minister of Belgium, was appointed the first full-time President of the European Council. The formal decision on the appointment was made after the Treaty of Lisbon came into force on 1 December 2009.[12] The British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, said that he had unanimous backing from the 27 EU leaders at the summit in Brussels on the evening of 19 November 2009. Brown praised Van Rompuy as "a consensus builder" who had "brought a period of political stability to his country after months of uncertainty".[13] At a press conference after his appointment, Van Rompuy commented: "Every country should emerge victorious from negotiations. A negotiation that ends with a defeated party is never a good negotiation. I will consider everyone's interests and sensitivities. Even if our unity remains our strength, our diversity remains our wealth", he said, stressing the individuality of EU member states.[14]

Van Rompuy's first council meeting was an informal gathering in the Solvay Library in Leopold Park, rather than the more usual formal gathering in the Justus Lipsius building nearby. The meeting was called to reflect on long term structural economic problems facing Europe, but was overtaken by the Greek economic crisis.

Duties and powers

Pre-2009

The role of President-in-Office of the assembled European Council was performed by the head of state or government of the member state currently holding the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. This presidency rotated every six months, meaning there was a new President of the European Council twice a year.

The role as President-in-Office was merely a primus inter pares role among other European heads of state or government. Being primarily responsible for preparing and chairing the meetings of the European Council, the role had no executive powers and was in no sense equivalent to that of a head of state. However, the President-in-Office represented the European Council externally and reported to the European Parliament after its meetings as well as at the beginning and at the end of the presidency.[15][16]

Post-2009

The president's role is largely political, preparing the work of the European Council, organising and chairing its meetings, seeking to find consensus among its members and reporting to the European Parliament after each meeting; the president will also "at his level and in that capacity, ensure the external representation of the Union on issues concerning its common foreign and security policy, without prejudice to the powers of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security".[18] Some overlap between the roles of the President of the European Council, the President of the Commission, and the High Representative—notably in foreign policy—leaves uncertainty about how much influence the President of the European Council will acquire. There is further concern over whether the President will have sufficient personnel and resources to fulfil the duties of the post effectively and that, in lacking a ministry, the President might become a "play ball" between EU leaders.[19]

With the reorganisation of leading EU posts under the Lisbon Treaty, there was some criticism of each posts vague responsibilities. Ukrainian ambassador to the EU Andriy Veselovsky praised the framework and clarified it in his own terms: The President of the European Commission speaks as the EU's "government" while the new President of the European Council is a "strategist". The High Representative specialises in "bilateral relations" while the European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy deals in technical matters such as the free trade agreement with Ukraine. The President of the European Parliament meanwhile articulates the EU's values.[20]

The European Council president also extended his influence into financial policy, the most important area left to the rotating Council presidency, with the rotating presidency seeing a greater decrease in power than previously planned.[21] Many of the changes introduced with the Lisbon Treaty need concretion through practical implementation by the current actors. The Spanish presidency unsuccessfully tried to challenge the European Council president's prominent post during the first rotating presidency of 2010,[22] while the second half of the year saw a Belgian rotating presidency marked by a weakened caretaker government which did not challenge Herman van Rompuy, himself a Belgian politician. The Belgian rotating presidency announced it was taking a "backrow seat"[23] with regards to both the European Council president as well as the High Representative, thus fuelling hopes for a more comunitarian character in both the council and foreign policy.

Privileges of office

Formal negotiations on the salary and privileges of the permanent presidency began in April 2008 as part of the draft of the 2009 EU budget. The outcome was that the President should enjoy the same conditions as the President of the Commission, with a basic salary of 138% of the highest civil service grade: that would be €24,874.62 per month (not including family and other allowances).[24][25][26]{{Update after|2010|10|reason =salary scales reviewed in September}}

The President receives a chauffeured car and around 20 dedicated staff members. He also has a housing allowance, rather than an official residence which was considered "too symbolic". Likewise, the idea of a private jet was also rejected for being symbolic and, as one diplomat pointed out, a discrepancy in privileges between the European Council and Commission presidents may only fuel rivalry between the two.[27]

The possibility of there being greater perks for the European Council president than Commission President prompted Parliament to threaten a rejection of the 2009 budget. It saw a large salary and extras as a symbolic signal that the post is intended to become more powerful, increasing intergovernmentalism at the Parliament's expense. With some in the Council suggesting a staff of up to 60, the Committee on Constitutional Affairs has indicated it may drop the gentlemen's agreement that Parliament and Council will not interfere in each other's budget.[28]

President's cabinet

{{refsection|date=March 2017}}

Although the European Council is, under the terms of the Lisbon treaty, a separate institution of the EU, it does not have its own administration. The administrative support for both the European Council and its President is provided by the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. The President does have, however, his own private office (cabinet) of close advisers. Van Rompuy chose as his first chief of staff (chef de cabinet) Baron Frans van Daele, formerly Belgian ambassador to, variously, the USA, the UN, the EU and NATO and chief of staff of several Belgian foreign ministers. Upon his retirement in the autumn of 2012, Didier Seeuws, former Deputy Perm Rep of Belgium to the EU and former Spokesman for Belgian PM Verhofstadt, replaced him. Also in his team were the former UK Labour MEP Richard Corbett and Van Rompuy's long standing press officer Dirk De Backer.

The head of Donald Tusk's cabinet is Piotr Serafin.

Democratic mandate

The lack of accountability to MEPs or national parliamentarians has also cast doubt as to whether national leaders will in practice stand behind the President on major issues.[19] Under the rotational system, the presidents simply had the mandate of their member states, while the new permanent president is chosen by the members of the European Council.[31]

There have been calls by some, such as former German interior minister and current head of the Bundestag Wolfgang Schäuble,[29] for direct elections to take place to give the President a mandate, this would strengthen the post within the European Council allowing for stronger leadership in addition to addressing the question of democratic legitimacy in the EU. However, this might cause conflict with Parliament's democratic mandate or a potential mandate for the Commission (see section below). To give a mandate to the European Council's president would signify a development of the Union's governance towards a presidential system, rather than a parliamentary system.[30]

Relationship with Commission

{{See also|President of the European Commission}}

There had been disagreement and concern over competition between the former President of the European Council Van Rompuy and the former Commission President Barroso due to the vague language of the treaty. Some clarifications saw Van Rompuy as the "strategist" and Barroso as a head of government. In terms of economic policy, Van Rompuy saw the European Council as dealing with overall strategy and the Commission as dealing with the implementation. Despite weekly breakfasts together there was a certain extent of rivalry between the two yet-defined posts.[31][20][36]

Although the President of the European Council may not hold a national office, such as a Prime Minister of a member state, there is no such restraint on European offices. For example, the President may be an MEP, or more significantly the Commission President (who already sits in the European Council). This would allow the European Council to concurrently appoint one person to the roles and powers of both President of the European Council and President of the European Commission, thus creating a single presidential position for the Union as a whole.[8]

Since the creation of the European Council presidency, former president Van Rompuy and former Commission President Barroso had begun to compete with each other as Van Rompuy had benefited from the general shift in power from the Commission to the European Council yet with Barroso still holding the real powers. At international summits they continued previous practice of both going at the same time. The complicated situation had renewed some calls to merge the posts, possibly at the end of Barroso's term in 2014. However some member states had expected to oppose the creation of such a high-profile post.[31][32]

If the posts are not to be combined, some believe that the dual-presidential system could lead to "cohabitation" and infighting between the two offices. While it is comparable to the French model, where there is a President (the European Council president) and Prime Minister (the Commission President), the Council president does not hold formal powers such as the ability to directly appoint and sack the Commission President, or the ability to dissolve Parliament. Hence while the European Council president may have prestige, he/she lacks power and while the Commission President has power, he/she lacks the prestige of the former.[33] Some believe this problem would be increased further if the Council president were to be strengthened by a democratic mandate, as mentioned above.[30]

List of Presidents of the European Council

Rotating presidency

Year Period Office HolderEuropean party State
1975 Jan–Jun Liam Cosgrave European People's PartyItaly}}
1976 Jan–Jun Gaston Thorn Party of European SocialistsNetherlands}}
1977 Jan–Jun James Callaghan European People's PartyBelgium}}
1978 Jan–Jun Anker Jørgensen Party of European SocialistsWest Germany}}
1979 Jan–Jun Valéry Giscard d'Estaing European Progressive Democrats{{Flag|Ireland}}
Dec Charles Haughey European People's PartyItaly}}
Jul–Dec Pierre Werner European People's PartyNetherlands}}
Jul–Dec Margaret Thatcher European People's PartyBelgium}}
Jul–Sep Anker Jørgensen European People's Party
1983 Jan–Jun Helmut Kohl Party of European SocialistsGreece}}
1984 Jan–Jun François Mitterrand European People's PartyIreland}}
1985 Jan–Jun Bettino Craxi European People's PartyLuxembourg}}
1986 Jan–Jun Ruud Lubbers IndependentUnited Kingdom}}
1987 Jan–Jun Wilfried Martens European People's PartyDenmark}}
1988 Jan–Jun Helmut Kohl Party of European SocialistsGreece}}
1989 Jan–Jun Felipe González Party of European SocialistsFrance}}
1990 Jan–Jun Charles Haughey European People's PartyItaly}}
1991 Jan–Jun Jacques Santer European People's PartyNetherlands}}
1992 Jan–Jun Aníbal Cavaco Silva IndependentUnited Kingdom}}
1993 Jan Poul Schlüter Party of European Socialists
Jul–Dec Jean-Luc Dehaene Party of European SocialistsGreece}}
Jul–Dec Helmut Kohl Party of European Socialists{{Flag|France}}
May–Jun Jacques Chirac Party of European SocialistsSpain}}
1996 Jan–May Lamberto Dini Party of European Socialists
Jul–Dec John Bruton Party of European SocialistsNetherlands}}
Jul–Dec Jean-Claude Juncker Party of European SocialistsUnited Kingdom}}
Jul–Dec Viktor Klima Party of European SocialistsGermany}}
Jul–Dec Paavo Lipponen Party of European SocialistsPortugal}}
Jul–Dec Jacques Chirac Party of European SocialistsSweden}}
Jul–Dec Guy Verhofstadt European People's PartySpain}}
Jul–Dec Anders Fogh Rasmussen Party of European SocialistsGreece}}
Jul–Dec Silvio Berlusconi Union for Europe of the NationsIreland}}
Jul–Dec Jan Peter Balkenende European People's PartyLuxembourg}}
Jul–Dec Tony Blair European People's PartyAustria}}
Jul–Dec Matti Vanhanen European People's PartyGermany}}
Jul–Dec José Sócrates European People's PartySlovenia}}
Jul–Dec Nicolas Sarkozy Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
May–Jun Jan Fischer European People's PartySweden}}

Permanent presidents

Nº PortraitName
(birth–death)		CountryTerm of officeEuropean political partyNational political party
1Herman Van Rompuy
(born 1947)		Belgium}}1 December 200930 November 2014[34]European People's PartyCD&V
Previously Prime Minister of Belgium, Van Rompuy was the first permanent president and was chosen as a low profile consensus builder. He led a task force on reforming the EU's economic governance: he drafted the ESM treaty and amendment. He is a supporter of greater economic integration but is against the entry of Turkey to the EU.
2Donald Tusk
(born 1957)		Poland}}1 December 2014[35]Second 2.5-year term expires
30 November 2019		European People's PartyPO
Previously serving as Prime Minister of Poland, he is the longest serving Prime Minister of the Third Republic of Poland. In October 2011, Tusk's Civic Platform won a plurality of seats in the Polish parliamentary election, 2011, meaning that Tusk became the first Prime Minister to be re-elected since the fall of communism in Poland.

See also

  • List of presidents of EU institutions
    • President of the European Parliament
    • President of the European Commission
    • Presidency of the Council of the European Union
  • President of the European Union

References

1. ^Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, Article 9 B
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/111607.pdf|title=European Council statement on the measures taken regarding the implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon|publisher=}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28989875|title=Italy's Mogherini and Poland's Tusk get top EU jobs|publisher=BBC News|date=30 August 2014 |language=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/eu-leaders-reappoint-donald-tusk-as-council-president/|title=EU leaders defy Warsaw to reappoint Donald Tusk|date=9 March 2017|publisher=}}
5. ^{{cite web|last=Stark|first=Christine|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Evolution of the European Council: The implications of a permanent chair|work=|publisher=Dragoman.org|date= |url=http://www.dragoman.org/ec/belfast-2002.pdf|format=PDF|doi= |accessdate=12 July 2007}}
6. ^{{cite web|last=van Grinsven|first=Peter|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=The European Council under Construction|work=|publisher=Netherlands Institution for international Relations|date=September 2003|url=http://www.nbiz.nl/publications/2003/20030900_cli_paper_dip_issue88.pdf|format=PDF|doi=|accessdate=16 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110519/http://www.nbiz.nl/publications/2003/20030900_cli_paper_dip_issue88.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}
7. ^{{cite web|last=Europa (web portal)|title=Consolidated EU Treaties|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/ce321/ce32120061229en00010331.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=27 June 2007 }}
8. ^1 2 {{cite web|publisher=Europa (web portal)|title=SCADPlus: The Institutions of the Union: European Council|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/constitution/europeancouncil_en.htm|accessdate=27 June 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221041824/http://europa.eu/scadplus/constitution/europeancouncil_en.htm|archivedate=21 December 2009|df=dmy-all}}
9. ^{{cite web|last=Goldirova|first=Renata|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=First names floated for top new EU jobs|work=|publisher=EU Observer|date=22 October 2007|url=http://euobserver.com/9/25009|format= |doi= |accessdate=22 October 2007}}
10. ^{{cite web|last=Iey Berry|first=Peter Sain|date=16 November 2007|publisher=EU Observer|title=[Comment] The new EU president" standard bearer or shaker?|url=http://euobserver.com/9/25161|accessdate=18 November 2007}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=CONFERENCE DE PRESSE DU PRESIDENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE, M. NICOLAS SARKOZY|work=|publisher=France diplomatie|date=19 October 2007|url=https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/editorial/actual/ael2/bulletin.asp?liste=20071022.html|accessdate=18 February 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725104457/https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/editorial/actual/ael2/bulletin.asp?liste=20071022.html|archivedate=25 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showFocus.aspx?id=1&focusid=418&lang=en| title = New leadership team for Europe| accessdate = 24 November 2009| publisher=Council of the European Union| quote = The formal decisions on these appointments will be taken once the Treaty of Lisbon has entered into force, on 1 December 2009.}}
13. ^{{cite news | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8367589.stm| work=Daily Telegraph | title =Belgian PM Van Rompuy is named as new EU president| date = 19 November 2009|accessdate = 20 November 2009}}
14. ^Henry Chu: European Union settles on a Belgian and a Briton for top posts. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
15. ^{{cite web |title=How does the EU work |work= |publisher=Europa |url=http://europa.eu/abc/12lessons/lesson_4/index_en.htm |doi= |accessdate=12 July 2007}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=European Council |publisher=Europa |url=http://europa.eu/european_council/index_en.htm |accessdate=12 July 2007}}
17. ^{{cite news|title=European High-level Delegations visit Paranal|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1305/|accessdate=12 February 2013|newspaper=ESO Press Release}}
18. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/111298.pdf| title = President of the European Council| accessdate = 24 November 2009| author=| date = 24 November 2009| format = pdf| publisher=General Secretariat of the Council of the EU}}
19. ^1 {{cite web|last=Mahony|first=Honor|date=28 November 2007|publisher=EU Observer|title=Unclear EU treaty provisions causing 'nervousness'|url=http://euobserver.com/9/25234|accessdate=28 November 2007}}
20. ^1 Rettman, Andrew (15 March 2010) Ukraine gives positive appraisal of new-model EU, EU Observer
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/9/30236|title=Poland to showcase its EU credentials in Brussels extravaganza|publisher=}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/9/30385|title=Spain ends invisible EU presidency|publisher=}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/9/30392|title=Belgian presidency sets parliament in its sights|publisher=}}
24. ^{{cite web|url= http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:322:0035:0035:EN:PDF |title= COUNCIL DECISION of 1 December 2009 laying down the conditions of employment of the President of the European Council|work=EurLex |publisher=European Commission|accessdate=20 June 2010 |format=pdf|quote= The basic monthly salary of the President of the European Council shall be equal to the amount resulting from application of 138% to the basic salary of an official of the European Union at grade 16 third step. }}
25. ^Basic salary of grade 16, third step is €18,025.09. 138% of €18,025.09 = €24,874,62
{{cite web|url= http://ec.europa.eu/civil_service/docs/salary_officials_en.pdf|title=Table: officials, Article 66|date=1 July 2009|work=|publisher=European Commission Civil Service|format=|accessdate=20 June 2010}}
26. ^{{cite web|url= http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1967R0422:20040501:EN:PDF|title= Regulation No 422/67/EEC, 5/67/Euratom of the Council|date= 25 July 1967|work=EurLex|publisher=European Commission|format=pdf|accessdate=20 June 2010}}
27. ^{{cite web|last=Mahony|first=Honor |title=Member states consider perks and staff for new EU president|date=14 April 2008|publisher=EU Observer|url=http://euobserver.com/9/25968|accessdate=15 April 2008 }}
28. ^{{cite web|last=Mahony|first=Honor |title=MEPs to use budget power over EU president perks|date=22 April 2008|publisher=EU Observer|url=http://euobserver.com/9/26018|accessdate=22 April 2008 }}
29. ^{{cite web|title=British Conservatives call for EU to return powers |publisher=EUobserver |date=2 June 2009 |url=http://euobserver.com/9/28216 |accessdate=2 June 2009}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Leinen|first=Jo|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A President of Europe is not Utopian, it's practical politics|work=|publisher=Europe's World|date= |url=http://www.europesworld.org/EWSettings/Article/tabid/78/Default.aspx?Id=14db4079-1eb1-4110-9f53-ed343139403d|format= |doi= |accessdate=18 November 2007}}
31. ^1 Duff, Andrew (23 February 2010) Who is Herman Van Rompuy?
32. ^1 {{cite web|publisher=EU Observer|title=A Van Barroso?|url=http://blogs.euobserver.com/mahony/2010/04/15/a-van-barroso/|date=15 April 2010|accessdate=16 April 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417113809/http://blogs.euobserver.com/mahony/2010/04/15/a-van-barroso/|archivedate=17 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}
33. ^{{cite web|last=Hix|first=Simon|last2=Roland|first2=Gérard|publisher=Foreign Policy Centre|title=Why the Franco-German Plan would institutionalise 'cohabitation' for Europe|url=http://fpc.org.uk/articles/201|accessdate=1 October 2007 }}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/12/st00/st00037.en12.pdf|title=Herman Van Rompuy re-elected president|format=PDF|publisher=Council of the European Union|date=1 March 2012|accessdate=5 May 2013}}
35. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.dw.de/polands-donald-tusk-takes-over-as-eu-council-president/a-18104198 | title=Poland's Donald Tusk takes over as EU Council president | publisher=Deutsche Welle | date=1 December 2014 | accessdate=1 December 2014}}

External links

  • Official Website
  • A 'George Washington' for Europe – BBC News
{{European Council}}{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}{{DEFAULTSORT:President Of The European Council}}

3 : 2009 establishments in the European Union|Presidents of the European Council|Political offices of the European Union
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