“Death of Elisa Lam”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The body of Elisa Lam, also known by her Cantonese name, Lam Ho Yi ({{zh|labels=no|t={{linktext|藍|可|兒}}}}; April 30, 1991^[1] – February 2013), a Canadian student at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, was recovered from a water tank atop the Cecil Hotel in Downtown Los Angeles on February 19, 2013.^[2] She had been reported missing at the beginning of the month. Maintenance workers at the hotel discovered the body when investigating guest complaints of problems with the water supply.

Her disappearance had been widely reported; interest had increased five days prior to her body's discovery when the Los Angeles Police Department released video of the last time she was known to have been seen, on the day of her disappearance, by an elevator security camera. In the footage, Lam is seen exiting and re-entering the elevator, talking and gesturing in the hallway outside, and sometimes seeming to hide within the elevator, which itself appears to be malfunctioning. The video went viral on the Internet, with many viewers reporting that they found it unsettling. Explanations ranged from claims of paranormal involvement to bipolar disorder from which Lam suffered; it has also been argued that the video was altered prior to release.^[3]

The circumstances of Lam's death, once she was found, also raised questions, especially in light of the Cecil's history in relation to other notable deaths and murders. Her body was naked^[4] with most of her clothes and personal effects floating in the water near her.^[4] It took the Los Angeles County Coroner's office four months, after repeated delays, to release the autopsy report, which reports no evidence of physical trauma and states that the manner of death was accidental.^[5] Guests at the Cecil, now re-branded as Stay on Main, sued the hotel over the incident, and Lam's parents filed a separate suit later that year; the latter was dismissed in 2015. Some of the early Internet interest noted what were considered to be unusual similarities between Lam's death and the 2005 horror film Dark Water.^[2] The case has since been referenced in international popular culture.

Background

Lam, the daughter of emigrants from Hong Kong^[6] who opened a restaurant in Burnaby, just outside Vancouver, Canada,^[7] was a student at the University of British Columbia^[2] although she was not registered at the beginning of 2013.^[8]

She traveled alone, on Amtrak and intercity buses.^[1] She visited the San Diego Zoo and posted photos taken there on social media.^[9] On January 26, she arrived in Los Angeles. After two days, she checked into the Cecil Hotel,^[10] near downtown's Skid Row.^[11] She was initially assigned a shared room on the hotel's fifth floor; however, her roommates complained about what the hotel's lawyer would later describe as "certain odd behavior," and she was moved to a room of her own after two days.^[10]

Built as a business hotel in the 1920s, the Cecil fell on hard times during the Great Depression of the 1930s and never recaptured its original market as downtown decayed around it in the late 20th century. Several of Los Angeles's more notable murders have happened at or have connections to the hotel—in 1964, Goldie Osgood, the "Pigeon Lady of Pershing Square," was raped and murdered in her room at the Cecil, a crime that has never been solved.^[12] Serial killers Jack Unterweger and Richard Ramirez, the "Night Stalker", both resided at the Cecil while active.^[13] There have also been suicides, one of which also killed a pedestrian in the front of the hotel.^[14] After recent renovations, it has tried to market itself as a boutique hotel, but the reputation lingers.^[15] "The Cecil will reveal to you whatever it is you're a fugitive from," says Steve Erickson, a journalist who spent a night in the hotel after Lam's death.^[14]

Lam had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and depression. She had been prescribed four medications—Wellbutrin, Lamictal, Seroquel^[16] and Effexor^[17]—to treat her disorders. According to her family, who supposedly kept her history of mental illness a secret,^[3] she had no history of suicidal ideations or attempts,^[16] although one report claimed she had previously gone missing for a brief period.^[3]

In mid-2010,^[18] she began a blog named Ether Fields on Blogspot.^[3] Over the next two years, she posted pictures of models in fashionable clothing and accounts of her life, particularly her struggle with mental illness. In a January 2012 blog post, Lam lamented that a "relapse" at the start of the current school term had forced her to drop several classes, leaving her feeling "so utterly directionless and lost." She titled her post, "You're always haunted by the idea you're wasting your life" after a quotation from novelist Chuck Palahniuk. She used that quote as an epigraph for her blog. She worried that her transcript would look suspicious with so many withdrawals and that it would result in her being unable to continue her studies and attend graduate school.^[19]

A little over two years after Lam had started blogging, she announced she would be abandoning her blog for another she had started on Tumblr, Nouvelle/Nouveau.^[20] Its content mostly consisted of found fashion photos and quotes and a few posts in Lam's own words. The same Palahniuk quote was used as an epigraph.^[20]

Disappearance

Lam contacted her parents in British Columbia every day while traveling. On January 31, 2013, the day she was scheduled to check out of the Cecil and leave for Santa Cruz, they did not hear from her and called the Los Angeles police; her family flew to Los Angeles to help with the search.^[21]^[22]

Hotel staff who saw her that day said she was alone. Outside the hotel, Katie Orphan, manager of a nearby bookstore, was the only person who recalled seeing Lam that day. "She was outgoing, very lively, very friendly," while getting gifts to take home to her family, Orphan told CNN. "[She was] talking about what book she was getting and whether or not what she was getting would be too heavy for her to carry around as she traveled," Orphan added.^[23]

Police searched the hotel to the extent that they legally could. They searched Lam's room and had dogs go through the building, including the rooftop, but the canines were unsuccessful in detecting her scent. "But we didn't search every room," Sgt. Rudy Lopez said later, "we could only do that if we had probable cause" to believe a crime had been committed.^[11]

On February 6, a week after Lam had last been seen, the LAPD decided more help was needed. Flyers with her image were posted in the neighborhood and online. It brought the case to the public's attention through the media.^[1]

Elevator video

On February 15, after another week with no sign of her, the LAPD released a video of the last known sighting of her taken in one of the Cecil's elevators by a video surveillance camera on February 1.^[11]^[16] It drew worldwide interest in the case due to Lam's strange behavior and has been extensively analyzed and discussed.^[24]

In the clip, the camera at one of the elevator cab's rear corners looks down from the ceiling, offering a view not just of its interior but the hallway outside. It is somewhat grainy, and the timestamp at the bottom is obscured. At some points Lam's mouth is pixelized.^[24]

At the start, Lam enters, clad in a red zippered hooded sweatshirt over a gray T-shirt, with black shorts and sandals. She enters from the left and goes to the control panel, appears to select several floors and then steps back to the corner. After a few seconds during which the door fails to close, she steps up to it, leans forward so her head is through the door, looks in both directions, and then quickly steps back in, backing up to the wall and then into the corner near the control panel. The door remains open.^[25]

She walks to it again and stands in the doorway, leaning on the side. Suddenly she steps out into the hall, then to her side, back in, looking to the side, then back out. She then steps sideways again, and for a few seconds she is mostly invisible behind the wall she has her back to just outside. The door remains open.^[26]

Her right arm can be seen going up to her head, and then she turns to re-enter the cab, putting both hands on the side of the door. She then goes to the control panel, presses many more buttons, some more than once, and then returns to the wall she had come into the elevator from, putting both hands over her ears again briefly as she walks back to the section of wall she had been standing against before. The door remains open.^[27]

She turns to her right and begins rubbing her forearms together, then waves her hands out to her sides with palms flat and fingers outstretched, while bowing forward slightly and rocking gently. This can all be seen through the door, which remains open. After she backs to the wall again and walks away to the left, it finally closes.^[28]

It was reposted widely, including to the Chinese video-sharing site Youku, where it got 3 million views and 40,000 comments in its first 10 days. Many of the commenters found it unsettling to watch.^[29]

Several theories evolved to explain her actions. One was that Lam was trying to get the elevator car to move in order to escape from someone pursuing her.^[29] Others suggested that she might be under the influence of ecstasy or some other party drug.^[30] When her bipolar disorder became known, the theory that she was having a psychotic episode also emerged.^[3]

Other viewers argued that the video had been tampered with before being made public. Despite the obscuring of the timestamp, they claimed, parts had been slowed down, and nearly a minute of footage had been discreetly removed. This could have been done simply to protect the identity of someone who otherwise would be in the video but had little or nothing to do with the case, or to conceal evidence if Lam's disappearance and death had been the result of a criminal act.^[3]

Discovery of body

During the search for Lam, guests at the hotel began complaining about low water pressure. Some later claimed their water was colored black, and had an unusual taste.^[31]

On the morning of February 19, Lam's body was found in one of four 1,000-gallon (3,785 L) tanks providing water to guest rooms, a kitchen, and a coffee shop.^[32]^[33] The tank was drained and cut open since its maintenance hatch was too small to accommodate equipment needed to remove Lam's body.^[16]^[32]

On February 21, the Los Angeles coroner's office issued a finding of accidental drowning, with bipolar disorder as a significant factor.^[34]

The full coroner's report, released in June,^[3] stated that Lam's body had been found naked;^[16] clothing similar to that she was wearing in the elevator video was floating in the water, coated with a "sand-like particulate". Her watch and room key were also found with her.^[34]

Lam's body was moderately decomposed and bloated. It was mostly greenish, with some marbling evident on the abdomen and skin separation evident. There was no evidence of physical trauma, sexual assault,^[34]^[35] or suicide.^[34] Toxicology tests{{snd}}incomplete because not enough of her blood was preserved{{snd}}showed traces consistent with prescription medication found among her belongings, plus nonprescription drugs such as Sinutab and ibuprofen.^[36] A very small quantity of alcohol (about 0.02 g%) was present, but no other recreational drugs.^[37]

Unresolved issues

The investigation had determined how Lam died, but did not offer an explanation as to how she got into the tank in the first place. Doors and stairs that access the hotel's roof are locked, with only staff having the passcodes and keys, and any attempt to force them would supposedly have triggered an alarm.^[38] However, the hotel's fire escape could have allowed her to bypass those security measures, if she (or someone who might have accompanied her there) had known.^[14] A video made by a Chinese user after Lam's death and posted to the Internet showed that the hotel's roof was easily accessible via the fire escape and that two of the lids of the water tanks were open.^[39]

Apart from the question of how she got on the roof, others asked if she could have gotten into the tank by herself. All four tanks are {{convert|4|by|8|ft|adj=on}} cylinders propped up on concrete blocks;^[40] there is no fixed access to them and hotel workers had to use a ladder to look at the water. They are protected by heavy lids that would be difficult to replace from within.^[3] Police dogs that searched through the hotel for Lam, even on the roof, shortly after her disappearance was noted, did not find any trace of her (although they had not searched the area near the water tanks).^[11]

Theories about Lam's behavior in the elevator video did not stop with her death. Some argued that she was attempting to hide from a pursuer, perhaps someone ultimately responsible for her death, while others said she was merely frustrated with the elevator's apparent malfunction.^[3] Some proponents of the theory that she was under the influence of illicit drugs are not dissuaded by their absence from the toxicology screen, suggesting that they might have broken down during the period of time her body decomposed in the tank, or that she might have taken rare cocktails of such drugs that a normal screen would not detect.^[3]

The autopsy report and its conclusions have also been questioned. For instance, it does not say what the results of the rape kit and fingernail kit were, or even if they were processed.^[3] It also records subcutaneous pooling of blood in Lam's anal area,^[34] which some observers suggested was a sign of sexual abuse; however one pathologist has noted it could also have resulted from bloating in the course of the body's decomposition,^[3] and her rectum was also prolapsed.^[41] Even the coroner's pathologists appeared to be ambivalent about their conclusion that Lam's death was accidental.^[3]

Since her death, her Tumblr blog was updated, presumably through Tumblr's Queue option which allows posts to automatically publish themselves when the user is away. Her phone was not found either with her body or in her hotel room; it has been assumed to have been stolen at some time around her death. Whether the continued updates to her blog were facilitated by the theft of her phone, the work of a hacker, or through the Queue, is not known; nor is it known whether the updates are related to her death.^[3]

Litigation

In September, Lam's parents filed a wrongful death suit, claiming the hotel failed to "inspect and seek out hazards in the hotel that presented an unreasonable risk of danger to (Lam) and other hotel guests" and seeking unspecified damages and burial costs.^[42]

The hotel argued it could not have reasonably foreseen that Lam might have entered the water tanks, and that since it remained unknown how Lam got to the water tank no liability could be assigned for failing to prevent that.^[33]

In popular culture

The circumstances of Lam's death have been compared to plot elements in the 2005 horror film Dark Water. In that film, an American remake of an earlier Japanese film of the same name based on a 1996 short story by Koji Suzuki, a mother and daughter move into a rundown apartment building. A dysfunctional elevator and discolored water gushing from the building's faucets eventually lead them to the building's rooftop water tank, where they discover the body of a girl who had been reported missing from the building a year earlier.^[2]

As life had imitated art with Dark Water, the creators of films and television shows used the Lam case as inspiration for their own works. In May 2013, the episode "Watershed" aired as that year's season finale of the ABC series Castle, in which a New York police detective and the title character, a mystery novelist, investigate crimes. In "Watershed", the duo pursue leads in the death of a young woman found dead in the rooftop water tank of the "Cedric Hotel" in Manhattan; among the evidence is a surveillance video of the woman taken in an elevator. Ultimately she is found to have been posing as a prostitute in order to investigate another guest at the hotel.^[44]

Another ABC series, How to Get Away with Murder, had a similar story line. Over a series of flashbacks spread out across the first season, which began airing in 2014, it is revealed that a sorority girl missing at the start of the season was murdered and that her body has been hidden in the water tank on the roof of the sorority house. Similarly, her body is only discovered when a maintenance worker is called to the house to address a water pressure issue.^[45]

In Hong Kong, from which Lam's family had emigrated to Vancouver, filmmakers were also inspired by the case. Nick Cheung, an accomplished actor in Hong Kong films, made his directorial debut in 2014 with Hungry Ghost Ritual, a horror thriller that includes a scene in which a ghost terrorizes a young woman in an elevator, shot to look like security-camera footage and believed to have been inspired by the Cecil's Lam footage.^[46] In mainland China, director Liu Hao announced a year after Lam's death that he would be making a film based on it; he went to Los Angeles himself and stayed for a few days at the Cecil doing research.^[47] Chinese media have reported that popular actress Gao Yuanyuan may be interested in playing Lam.^[48] Liu said if he made the film, it would likely be an American-Australian coproduction in English.^[49]

In March 2014, a little over a year after Lam's death, brothers Brandon and Philip Murphy sold a horror script, The Bringing, that uses the investigation into it as a backstory for a fictional investigating detective's slowly unraveling sanity. They were widely criticized for doing this so soon after the death.^[6] Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn was originally slated to direct the film, but in August it was announced that Jeremy Lovering would direct the film for Sony Pictures whenever production began.^[50]

The 2014 video for Vancouver pop duo The Zolas' "Ancient Mars" is meant to be an idealized representation of Lam's last day, showing a young woman exploring Los Angeles and taking in simple pleasures. "It bugged me how tidily people explained away her disappearance with drugs or mental illness," said singer Zach Gray, who attended UBC around the same time and had a friend who knew Lam. "Though it's mostly fiction we wanted people to see it and feel like she was a real girl and a familiar girl and not just a police report."^[51] Later that year, the American post-hardcore band Hail the Sun wrote "Disappearing Syndrome", also inspired by Lam's story. "It's such a chilling and eerie case," said the band's guitarist, Aric Garcia, in a Reddit Ask Me Anything.^[52]

In 2015, the media speculated that the fifth season of American Horror Story was inspired by Lam's death.^[53] In late spring creator Ryan Murphy said the next season would be set in a hotel in present-day Los Angeles. He was inspired, he added, by a surveillance video of a young woman who "got into an elevator at a downtown hotel ... [and] was never seen again." He did not use her name but it was believed he was talking about Lam.^[54] In 2017, Sun Kil Moon released the songs "Window Sash Weights" and "Stranger Than Paradise" as part of their album Common as Light and Love Are Red Valleys of Blood (2017); the songs specifically reference the event and promote the idea that it was a hoax. Band member Mark Kozelek said in an interview "I've come to the conclusion that nobody died in the water tank. There’s no way to identify the girl on the elevator, as her face is pixelated."^[55]

See also

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite press release|author=|title=Community Alert|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/newsroom/pdf_view/52969|location=|publisher=|agency=Los Angeles Police Department|date=February 6, 2013|access-date=January 28, 2015}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite news|last=Nickels|first=Jesse|title=Elisa Lam: The College Girl Whose Hotel Death is So Mysterious It Inspired a Horror Movie|url=http://www.collegetimes.tv/elisa-lam/|newspaper=College Times|date=May 28, 2014|accessdate=January 27, 2014}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{cite news|last=van der Merwe|first=Marelise|title=The Elisa Lam mystery: Still no answers|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-12-12-the-elisa-lam-mystery-still-no-answers/|newspaper=Daily Maverick|date=December 12, 2014|accessdate=January 29, 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20180907192931/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-12-12-the-elisa-lam-mystery-still-no-answers/|archivedate=September 7, 2018}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|title=Autopsy Report 2013-01364|url=http://www.pdf-archive.com/2014/02/24/el-autopsy/preview/page/3/|page=3|publisher=Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner|date=June 18, 2013|accessdate=January 28, 2015}}
5. ^Autopsy report, 15.
6. ^¹{{cite news|last=Young|first=Ian|title=Disgust at plan to turn Elisa Lam's water tank death into a horror movie|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1439912/disgust-plan-turn-elisa-lams-water-tank-death-horror-movie|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=March 5, 2014|accessdate=January 28, 2015}}
7. ^{{cite news|last=Moreau|first=Jennifer|title=Condolences, notes, left for family at Burnaby restaurant|url= http://www.burnabynow.com/news/condolences-notes-left-for-family-at-burnaby-restaurant-1.412375|newspaper=Burnaby Now|date=February 27, 2013|accessdate=January 28, 2015}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=Elisa Lam Case: Autopsy fails to find a cause of death for woman found in Los Angeles water tank|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/elisa-lam-case-autopsy-fails-to-find-a-cause-of-death-for-woman-found-in-los-angeles-water-tank/|newspaper=CBS News|date=February 22, 2013|accessdate=January 28, 2015}}
9. ^{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Drishya|title=Elisa Lam Death: Friends Call Her Caring and Conscientious, Autopsy Result Inconclusive|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/canadian-woman-elisa-lam-death-cecil-hotel-439535|newspaper=International Business Times|date=February 26, 2013|accessdate=January 28, 2015}}
10. ^¹{{Cite web|url = https://plexus-pi.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Undisputed-Material-Facts.pdf|title=Motion for Summary Judgement|date=September 25, 2015|accessdate=October 16, 2015|website=Google Sites|last=Hsu|first=Jeff|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132304/https://plexus-pi.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Undisputed-Material-Facts.pdf|archivedate=March 4, 2016}}
11. ^¹²³{{cite news|last1=Blankstein|first1=Andrew|last2=Flores|first2=Adolfo|title=Woman's body found in water tank of skid row hotel|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/20/local/la-me-body-water-tower-20130220|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 20, 2013|accessdate=January 28, 2015}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/26/travel/tr-lizzieside26|title=Tales of the macabre at L.A. hotels|author=Leslie Anne Wiggins|publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=26 October 2008|accessdate=26 January 2015}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/21/us/california-horror-hotel/|title=Hotel with corpse in water tank has notorious past |author=Alan Duke|publisher=CNN|date=23 February 2013 |accessdate=30 January 2015}}
14. ^¹²{{cite news|last=Erickson|first=Steve|authorlink=Steve Erickson|title=Gloom Service: A Night at the Cecil Hotel, Where Serial Killers and Eerie Deaths Abound|url=http://www.lamag.com/crimeinla/gloom-service-a-night-at-the-cecil-hotel-where-serial-killers-and-eerie-deaths-abound/|newspaper=Los Angeles|date=June 21, 2013|accessdate=February 1, 2015}}
15. ^{{cite news|last=Waxman|first=Olivia B.|title=The Cecil Hotel: What a Dead Body in a Water Tank Does for Your Yelp Reviews|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/21/the-cecil-hotel-what-a-dead-body-in-a-water-tank-does-for-your-yelp-reviews/|newspaper=Time|date=February 21, 2013|accessdate=February 1, 2013}}
16. ^¹²³⁴Autopsy report, 20.
17. ^Autopsy report, 22
18. ^{{cite web|last=Lam|first=Elisa|title=qui est|url=http://etherfields.blogspot.com/2010/06/qui-est.html|publisher=Blogspot|date=June 25, 2010|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Lam|first=Elisa|title=You're always haunted by the idea you're wasting your life|url=http://etherfields.blogspot.com/2012/01/youre-always-haunted-by-idea-youre.html|publisher=Blogspot|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}
20. ^¹{{cite web|last=Lam|first=Elisa|title=Tumblr|url=http://etherfields.blogspot.com/2012/07/tumblr.html|publisher=Blogspot|date=June 27, 2012|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}
21. ^{{cite news|last=Duke|first=Alan|title=How did woman's body come to be in L.A. hotel water tank?|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/21/us/california-hotel-water-corpse/|newspaper=CNN|date=February 23, 2013|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Police-Activity-Focuses-Hotel-Where-Missing-Woman-Elisa-Lame-191886411.html|title=Body Found in Water Tank at Hotel is Missing Canadian Tourist: LAPD|publisher=KNBC|date= Feb 19, 2013|accessdate=July 2, 2017}}
23. ^{{cite news|last=Lah|first=Kyung|authorlink=Kyung Lah|title=Elisa Lam, Cecil Hotel update video: Inside the Los Angeles hotel|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1302/22/cnr.12.html|newspaper=CNN|date=February 22, 2013|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}
24. ^¹{{cite AV media|people=Los Angeles Police Headquarters |date=February 14, 2013 |title=Detectives Looking for Missing Canadian Woman |medium=Online video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4LmWiDiC0 |access-date=January 30, 2015 |publisher=YouTube |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029231120/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4LmWiDiC0 |archivedate=October 29, 2014 }}
25. ^"Detectives", 0:00–0:36
26. ^"Detectives", 0:37–1:05
27. ^"Detectives", 1:06–1:54
28. ^"Detectives", 1:55–2:37
29. ^¹{{cite news|title=Elisa Lam's unexplained death draws attention, theories in China|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2013/02/elisa-lams-death-continues-to-draw-attention-in-china-canada.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 26, 2013|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
30. ^{{cite news|last=Romero|first=Dennis|title=Elisa Lam: Why Did She Appear To Be Acting So Strange?|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/elisa-lam-why-did-she-appear-to-be-acting-so-strange-4172464|newspaper=LA Weekly|date=February 21, 2013|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}
31. ^{{cite news|last=Agomuoh|first=Fionna|title=Body Of Elisa Lam, Canadian Tourist. Found In Los Angeles Hotel's Water Tank|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/body-elisa-lam-canadian-tourist-found-los-angeles-hotels-water-tank-1100172|newspaper=International Business Times|date=February 21, 2013|accessdate=January 31, 2015}}
32. ^¹{{cite news|title=Elisa Lam Death: Officials analyze water in tank where missing Canadian woman was found dead|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/elisa-lam-death-officials-analyze-water-in-tank-where-missing-canadian-woman-was-found-dead/|newspaper=CBS News|date=February 21, 2013|accessdate=January 31, 2015}}
33. ^¹{{cite news|last=Rylah|first=Juliet Bennett|title=Cecil Hotel Employee Explains How He Found The Body Of Elisa Lam|url=http://laist.com/2015/10/01/elisa_lam_wrongful_death_suit.php|newspaper=LAist.com|date=October 1, 2015|accessdate=October 16, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026145142/http://laist.com/2015/10/01/elisa_lam_wrongful_death_suit.php|archivedate=October 26, 2015|df=}}
34. ^¹²³⁴Autopsy report, 1–10.
35. ^Autopsy report, 13
36. ^Autopsy report, 22–25
37. ^Autopsy report, 26
38. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/missing-canadian-woman-s-body-found-at-l-a-hotel-1.1357199 |title=Missing Canadian woman's body found at L.A. hotel: Vancouver resident Elisa Lam, last seen at Cecil Hotel, missing since Jan. 31 |publisher=CBC News |date=19 February 2013 |accessdate=30 January 2015}}
39. ^{{cite AV media |people=Kay Theng |date=March 2, 2013 |script-title=zh:【藍可兒出事酒店迷思大揭開】|trans-title=Elisa Lam opens a big mystery of the hotel|medium=Internet video |language=Chinese|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YweZJeZo13A&lc=z13hepjysuecyn0wc04chfzwqkuvtfp5as40k|access-date=January 11, 2017|format=Internet video|publisher=YouTube}}
40. ^{{cite news|last1=Lloyd|first1=Jonathan|last2=Ordaz|first2=Rosa|title=Death of Tourist in Hotel Water Tank Ruled Accidental Drowning|url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Tourist-Cecil-Hotel-Water-Tank-Drowning-Death-212363761.html|newspaper=KNBC-TV|date=June 21, 2013|accessdate=February 2, 2015}}
41. ^Autopsy report, 12.
42. ^{{cite news|title=Parents Of Woman Found Dead In Water Tank Sue Hotel For Wrongful Death|url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2013/09/20/parents-of-woman-found-dead-in-water-tank-sue-hotel-for-wrongful-death/|newspaper=KCBS-TV|date=September 20, 2013|accessdate=February 4, 2015}}
43. ^{{cite news|author=City News Service|title=Negligence Lawsuit Dismissed After Downtown LA Hotel Water Tank Death|url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/elisa-lam-hotel-downtown-la-lawsuit-negligence-dismissed-parents-362056501.html|newspaper=KNBC|date=December 14, 2015|accessdate=December 21, 2015}}
44. ^{{cite news|title=Elisa Lam Death Echoed In 'Castle' Season Finale|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/05/14/elisa-lam-death-castle-season-finale_n_3274668.html|newspaper=HuffPost|date=May 14, 2013|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}
45. ^{{cite news|last=Campbell|first=Nick|title=How to Get Away with Murder "It's All Her Fault" Review: The Quiet Ones are Dangerous|url=http://www.tv.com/news/how-to-get-away-with-murder-its-all-her-fault-review-the-quiet-ones-are-dangerous-141235288433/|newspaper=TV.com|date=October 3, 2014|accessdate=March 4, 2018|quote= Is Lila Stangard inspired by Elisa Lam?}}
46. ^{{cite web|last=Marsh|first=James|title=Review: Hungry Ghost Ritual Has No Appetite For Horror|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2014/07/review-hungry-ghost-ritual-has-no-appetite-for-horror.html|publisher=Twitchfilm.net|date=July 11, 2014|accessdate=February 10, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210223114/http://twitchfilm.com/2014/07/review-hungry-ghost-ritual-has-no-appetite-for-horror.html|archivedate=February 10, 2015|df=}}
47. ^{{cite news|last=Huan|first=Si|title=Elisa Lam's mysterious death to become horror movie|url=http://www.ecns.cn/cns-wire/2014/03-07/103839.shtml|newspaper=China News Service|date=March 7, 2014|accessdate=February 10, 2015}}
48. ^{{cite news|title=高圆圆可能演《蓝可儿》经纪人：无定论|trans-title=Agent: Gao Yuanyuan may play Elisa Lam|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2013-08-05/14403980332.shtml|newspaper=Sina|language=Chinese|date=August 5, 2013|accessdate=February 10, 2015}}
49. ^{{cite news|author=Yan Ni|title=蓝可儿事件将上大银幕高圆圆有望演女主角|trans-title=Actress Gao Yuanyuan expected to play Elisa Lam on big screen|url=http://ent.huanqiu.com/movie/yingshi-neidi/2013-08/4210279.html|newspaper=Xi'an Evening News|language=Chinese|date=August 5, 2013|accessdate=February 10, 2015}}
50. ^{{cite news|last=Fleming Jr.|first=Mike|title=Jeremy Lovering To Helm Sony Horror Pic 'The Bringing,' Inspired By Cecil Hotel|url=http://deadline.com/2014/08/jeremy-lovering-to-helm-sony-horror-pic-the-bringing-inspired-by-cecil-hotel-823047/|newspaper=Deadline Hollywood|date=August 21, 2014|accessdate=February 10, 2014}}
51. ^{{cite news|title=Elisa Lam Case Inspires The Zolas' 'Ancient Mars' Music Video|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/01/24/elisa-lam-the-zolas-music-video-ancient-mars_n_4654774.html|newspaper=Huffington Post Canada|date=January 24, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2015}}
52. ^{{cite web|last=Garcia|first=Aric|title=Hey guys, we are Hail the Sun. Ask us Anything!|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/PostHardcore/comments/2jwpdz/hey_guys_we_are_hail_the_sun_ask_us_anything/clfxj1d/|publisher=Reddit|date=October 21, 2014|accessdate=December 24, 2016}}
53. ^{{cite news|last=Miska|first=Brad|title="American Horror Story: Hotel" Based On Elise Lam’s Bizarre True Story|url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3356495/american-horror-story-hotel-based-elise-lams-bizarre-true-story/|newspaper=Bloody Disgusting|date=August 21, 2014|accessdate=February 10, 2014}}
54. ^{{cite news|last=Whitney|first=Erin|title='American Horror Story: Hotel' Might Be Inspired By This Real-Life Mystery|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/american-horror-story-hotel-elisa-lam_55c4f87fe4b0f1cbf1e4f1d1|newspaper=HuffPost|date=August 7, 2015|accessdate=October 16, 2015}}
55. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunkilmoon.com/interview_conor_oberst_mark_kozelek_2017.html|title=Conor Oberst interviews Mark Kozelek about the new Sun Kil Moon album|website=www.sunkilmoon.com|access-date=2017-05-11}}