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词条 Death of Eric Garner
释义

  1. Background

      Eric Garner    Daniel Pantaleo  

  2. Death

  3. Immediate aftermath

      Investigation    Protests  

  4. Grand jury

      Deliberation and verdict    Reaction    {{anchor|Second wave of protests}}Public    Police    Family    Politicians    Celebrities  

  5. After the grand jury

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Use American English|date=August 2014}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox event
| title =
| image = Eric Garner police confrontation screenshot.PNG
| caption = A screenshot of Garner tackled by the NYPD
| date = {{Start date and age|2014|07|17}}
| time = {{circa}} 3:30 p.m. (EDT)
| place = 202 Bay Street, Staten Island, New York, U.S.
| coordinates = {{Coord|40.63716|-74.07674|region:US-NY_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| cause = Chokehold, compression of chest, and prone positioning by police
| participants = Daniel Pantaleo and Justin Damico (NYPD officers)
| outcome = No indictment
| reported deaths = 1
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner = New York City Medical Examiner
| arrests =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| litigation = $5.9 million out-of-court settlement
| url =
| notes = {{Location map |USA New York Staten Island#New York#USA |float=center|position=left|mark=Yellow pog.svg |caption=|label=Death of Eric Garner}}
}}

On July 17, 2014, Eric Garner died in Staten Island, New York City, after a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer put him in a headlock or chokehold for about 15 to 19 seconds while arresting him. NYPD policy prohibits the use of chokeholds. The officer denied choking Garner, but the New York City Medical Examiner's Office report stated "Cause of Death: Compression of neck (choke hold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police" and "Contributing Conditions: Acute and chronic bronchial asthma; Obesity; Hypertensive cardiovascular disease." In addition, the filming of the incident brought police brutality into wider public awareness.[1]

NYPD officers approached Garner on suspicion of selling single cigarettes from packs without tax stamps. After Garner told the police that he was tired of being harassed and that he was not selling cigarettes, the officers went to arrest Garner. When officer Daniel Pantaleo tried to take Garner's wrist behind his back, Garner pulled his arms away. Pantaleo then put his arm around Garner's neck and took him down onto the ground. After Pantaleo removed his arm from Garner's neck, he pushed the side of Garner's face into the ground while four officers moved to restrain Garner, who repeated "I can't breathe" eleven times while lying facedown on the sidewalk. After Garner lost consciousness, officers turned him onto his side to ease his breathing. Garner remained lying on the sidewalk for seven minutes while the officers waited for an ambulance to arrive. The officers and emergency medical technicians did not perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on Garner at the scene; according to a spokesman for the PBA, this was because they believed that Garner was breathing and that it would be improper to perform CPR on someone who was still breathing. He was pronounced dead at the hospital approximately one hour later.

The medical examiner ruled Garner's death a homicide. According to the medical examiner's definition, a homicide is a death caused by the intentional actions of another person or persons, which is not necessarily an intentional death or a criminal death. On December 3, 2014, the Richmond County grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo. On that day, the United States Department of Justice announced it would conduct an independent investigation. The event stirred public protests and rallies, with charges of police brutality made by protesters. By December 28, 2014, at least 50 demonstrations had been held nationwide specifically for Garner while hundreds of demonstrations against general police brutality counted Garner as a focal point. On July 13, 2015, an out-of-court settlement was announced in which the City of New York would pay the Garner family $5.9 million.

Background

Eric Garner

Eric Garner (September 15, 1970 – July 17, 2014) was a {{height|ft=6|in=3}} tall, {{convert|350|lb|adj=on}}, 43-year-old African American man.[1][2] He had been a horticulturist at the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, but quit for health reasons.[4] Garner, who was married to Esaw Garner,[3] had been described by his friends as a "neighborhood peacemaker" and as a generous, congenial person.[4] He was the father of six children, had three grandchildren,[4] and at the time of his death had a 3-month-old child.[5]

Garner had been arrested by the NYPD more than thirty times since 1980 on charges such as assault, resisting arrest, and grand larceny.[6][7] According to an article in The New York Times many of these arrests had been for allegedly selling unlicensed cigarettes.[8] In 2007, he filed a handwritten complaint[9] in federal court accusing a police officer of conducting a cavity search of him on the street, "digging his fingers in my rectum in the middle of the street" while people passed by.[10] Garner had, according to The New York Times, "recently ... told lawyers at Legal Aid that he intended to take all the cases against him to trial".[10] At the time of the incident, he was out on bail for selling untaxed cigarettes, driving without a license, marijuana possession, and false impersonation.[11]

Daniel Pantaleo

Daniel Pantaleo[12] is a New York City Police Department officer who was, at the time of Garner's death, age 29 and living in Eltingville, Staten Island.[13] His father was a New York City Fire Department firefighter, and his uncle was an NYPD officer. He graduated from Monsignor Farrell High School and received a bachelor's degree from the College of Staten Island. He joined the NYPD in 2006.[14] Pantaleo was the subject of two civil rights lawsuits in 2013 where plaintiffs accused him of falsely arresting them and abusing them. In one of the cases, he and other officers allegedly ordered two black men to strip naked on the street for a search and the charges against the men were dismissed.[15][16][17][18]

Death

{{external media
| float = right
| width = 18em
| video1 = {{YouTube|id=z0j-7L094d0|title=Full video (14:43)}} {{endash}} recorded by Ramsey Orta and acquired by the Daily News[19]
}}

On July 17, 2014, at approximately 3:30 p.m., Garner was approached by a plainclothes police officer, Justin Damico, in front of a beauty supply store at 202 Bay Street in Tompkinsville, Staten Island. According to bystanders, including a friend of Garner, Ramsey Orta, who recorded the incident on his cell phone,[24][20] Garner had just broken up a fight, which may have drawn the attention of the police[21]—although Garner may also have been selling "loosies" (single cigarettes without a tax stamp) in violation of New York state law.[22] Garner is heard on the video saying, {{quote|1=Get away [garbled] for what? Every time you see me, you want to mess with me. I'm tired of it. It stops today. Why would you...? Everyone standing here will tell you I didn't do nothing. I did not sell nothing. Because every time you see me, you want to harass me. You want to stop me [garbled] selling cigarettes. I'm minding my business, officer, I'm minding my business. Please just leave me alone. I told you the last time, please just leave me alone.|2=Eric Garner[23]}}

When Pantaleo approached Garner from behind and attempted to handcuff him, Garner pulled his arms away, saying "Don't touch me, please."[24] Pantaleo then put Garner in a chokehold from behind. Chokeholds are prohibited by NYPD regulations.[25] Pantaleo then pulled Garner backward in an attempt to bring him to the ground;[26] in the process, Pantaleo and Garner slammed into a glass window, which did not break.[10] As Garner was being brought to the ground, other uniformed officers surrounded him, and Garner went to his knees and forearms and did not say anything for a few seconds. At that point, three uniformed officers and the two plainclothes officers had surrounded him.[10] After 15 seconds,[27] the video showed Pantaleo had removed his arm from around Garner's neck; Pantaleo then used his hands to push Garner's face[26] into the sidewalk.[28] Garner is heard saying "I can't breathe" eleven times while lying facedown on the sidewalk.[29] The arrest was supervised by a female African-American NYPD sergeant, Kizzy Adoni, who did not intercede.[30] Adoni was quoted in the original police report as stating, "The perpetrator's condition did not seem serious and he did not appear to get worse."[31]

Garner lay motionless, handcuffed, and unresponsive for several minutes before an ambulance arrived, as shown in a second video.[40][32] After Garner lost consciousness, officers turned him onto his side to ease his breathing.[33] Garner remained lying on the sidewalk for seven minutes while the officers waited for an ambulance to arrive.[34] Other than one officer who told the unconscious Garner to "breathe in, breathe out", the police made no attempt to resuscitate Garner.[34] The police defended their decision to not perform CPR on Garner because they stated that he was still breathing and that it would have been improper to do CPR on someone who was breathing on his own.[35][36][37] When an ambulance arrived on scene, two medics and two EMTs inside the ambulance did not administer any emergency medical aid[38] or promptly place him on a stretcher.[38] According to police, Garner had a heart attack while being transported to Richmond University Medical Center.[39] He was pronounced dead at the hospital one hour later.[40]

A funeral was held for Garner on July 23, 2014, at Bethel Baptist Church in Brooklyn. At the funeral, Al Sharpton gave a speech calling for harsher punitive measures to be taken against the officers responsible for the incident.[41]

Immediate aftermath

Investigation

On July 20, the officer who grabbed Garner by the neck, Daniel Pantaleo,[28] was put on desk duty and stripped of his service handgun and badge.[42] Officer Justin Damico was allowed to keep his badge and handgun but was also placed on desk duty.[43] Four of the EMTs and paramedics who took Garner to the hospital were suspended on July 21.[28] Two of the paramedics were soon returned to their duties, and the remaining two EMTs were doing non-medical work at the hospital pending the Richmond University Medical Center's own investigation into the incident.[44][45]

Three weeks after recording his friend's arrest on his cell phone, Ramsey Orta was arrested on weapons charges.[46] Al Sharpton made a statement that prosecuting Orta while also calling him as a witness could constitute a conflict of interest.[46] After prosecutors questioned whether the money raised for his bail was crowd-sourced legally, Orta was released from jail on bail on April 10, 2015.[47][48]

On August 1, Garner's death was found by the New York City Medical Examiner's Office to be a result of "compression of neck (choke hold), compression of chest and prone positioning during physical restraint by police".[49][50][51] Asthma, heart disease, and obesity were cited as contributing factors.[52] There was no damage to the windpipe or neckbones.[53] The medical examiner ruled Garner's death a homicide. According to the medical examiner's definition, a homicide is a death caused by the intentional actions of another person or persons, which is not necessarily an intentional death or a criminal death.[54]

Protests

Al Sharpton organized a protest in Staten Island on the afternoon of July 19, and condemned the police's use of the chokehold on Garner, saying that "there is no justification" for it.[55]

On July 28, a protest organized by WalkRunFly Productions and poet Daniel J. Watts was held in Times Square. The protest was in the form of poetry and many Broadway entertainers participated in the event.[56] Al Sharpton originally planned to lead a protest on August 23 in which participants would drive over the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, then travel to the site of the altercation and the office of District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan, Jr.[57] This idea was scrapped in favor of Sharpton leading a march along Bay Street in Staten Island, where Garner died; police estimated that over 2,500 people participated in the march.[58][59]

In March 2015, Assata's Daughters, a Chicago-based black activist group, formed because they saw a lack of response by public officials to Eric Garner's death.[60]

Grand jury

Deliberation and verdict

On August 19, Richmond County (Staten Island) District Attorney Daniel M. Donovan, Jr. announced that the case against Pantaleo would go to a grand jury, saying that after considering the medical examiner's findings, his office decided "it is appropriate to present evidence regarding circumstances of his death to a Richmond County Grand Jury."[61] On September 29, the grand jury began hearing evidence in the Garner case.[61] On November 21, Pantaleo testified before the grand jury for about two hours.[61] After having the case for two months, the grand jury decided on December 3 not to indict Pantaleo.[61][62]

Under New York law, most of the grand jury proceedings were kept secret, including the exact charges sought by the prosecutor, the autopsy report, and transcripts of testimony. Attempts by the New York Civil Liberties Union and others to gain release of that information have been unsuccessful.[63]

Reaction

{{anchor|Second wave of protests}}Public

After the Staten Island grand jury did not indict Pantaleo on December 3, citizens in New York City and San Francisco gathered in protest, demonstrating with several die-ins,[64][65] making speeches and rallies against the lack of indictment.[66] On December 5, thousands gathered in protest on the Boston Common in Boston, and then marched in the downtown area, blocking traffic, especially on I-90, in addition to staging "die-ins."[67] Protests also occurred in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Minneapolis, and Atlanta.[68][69] At least 300 people were arrested at the New York City protests on December 4 and 5, most of them for charges of disorderly conduct or refusal to clear the streets, but two for assault on a police officer.[70][71] On December 6, 300 protesters marched in Berkeley, California as well.[72][73] On December 10, 76 protesters were arrested at Westfield shopping centre in Shepherd's Bush in west London, England, during a rally to show solidarity with rallies in the United States.[74] Protesters have made use of Garner's last words, "I can't breathe", as a slogan and chant against police brutality since Garner's death and Officer Pantaleo's grand jury decision.[75][76] By December 28, at least 50 protests in support of Garner had occurred globally, and many other Black Lives Matter-related demonstrations had occurred.[77]

Counter-protests were also launched in support of police, specifically for the NYPD. On December 19, during a New York City protest about the grand jury decision, supporters of the NYPD held a counter-demonstration, wearing shirts with the phrase, "I can breathe, thanks to the NYPD", on them, holding signs with phrases like "Bluelivesmatter", and chanting, "Don't resist arrest."[78]

On December 20, two NYPD officers were killed in an ambush in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The suspected gunman, Ismaaiyl Brinsley, cited Garner's death at the hands of police (as well as that of Michael Brown) as reasons to kill police officers.[79] Brinsley then entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide.[80][81][82]

Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans protested by the Black Lives Matter movement.[83][84][85][86]

Police

As a result of Garner's death, Police Commissioner William Bratton ordered an extensive review of the NYPD's training procedures, specifically focusing on the appropriate amount of force that can be used while detaining a suspect.[87] An unnamed NYPD official quoted in the New York Post said that the $35 million retraining efforts were ineffective and a "waste of time."[88] Patrick Lynch, leader of the police union Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, challenged the claim that a chokehold was used, further stating that the union would be able to find many use-of-force experts who would also challenge the claim that a chokehold was used.[89] Lynch also attributed Garner's death to resisting arrest and, "a lack of the respect for law enforcement, resulting from the slanderous, insulting, and unjust manner in which police officers are being portrayed."[90][91] Edward D. Mullins, the head of the union representing police sergeants, called on members not to slow down police response across the city by supervising every arrest. He also commented saying that the use of the term "chokehold" by the chief medical examiner's office was political.[89] Police union officials and Pantaleo's lawyer argued that Pantaleo did not use the chokehold, but instead used a NYPD-taught takedown move because Garner was resisting arrest.[92]

An Indiana police officer sold T-shirts saying "Breathe Easy. Don't Break the Law."[93] A veteran San Jose Police Officer, Phillip White, tweeted: "Threaten me or my family and I will use my God given and law appointed right and duty to kill you. #CopsLivesMatter", which sparked controversy.[94]

Family

In an interview with CNN, Garner's daughter Erica felt that it was pride and not racism that led to the officer choking her father. Erica held a vigil and "die-in" on December 11, 2014, on Staten Island in memory of her father, near where he died.[95] On her Twitter account, she vowed to continue to lead protests in Staten Island twice a week, lying down in the spot where her father collapsed and died.[96][97] Erica Garner died on December 30, 2017, after suffering a heart attack at the age of 27.[98]

One of Garner's daughters, Emerald Snipes, created a fund for his kids for Christmas, as Garner used to play Santa Claus.[99] Garner's daughters Erica and Emerald, his widow Esaw, and his stepfather Ben Carr all went to the Justice for All March in Washington, D.C.[100]

After the announcement of the grand jury decision, when asked whether she accepted Pantaleo's condolences, Garner's widow angrily answered, "Hell, no! The time for remorse would have been when my husband was yelling to breathe." She added, "No, I don't accept his apology. No, I could care less about his condolences ... He's still working. He's still getting a paycheck. He's still feeding his kids, when my husband is six feet under and I'm looking for a way to feed my kids now."[101]

Garner's mother, Gwenn Carr, expressed surprise and disappointment with the grand jury decision.[101][102]

Politicians

New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio called Garner's death a "terrible tragedy."[103] De Blasio, at a July 31 roundtable meeting in response to the death, convened with police officers and political activists, called upon mutual respect and understanding. On August 1, in a statement, the mayor urged all parties involved to create a dialogue, and find a path "to heal the wounds from decades of mistrust and create a culture where the police department and the communities they protect respect each other."[104][105] New York Governor Andrew Cuomo said that New York State should consider appointing a special prosecutor to handle cases of alleged police brutality. He told CNN: "We have a problem. Let's acknowledge it."[106]U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said that the Department of Justice was "closely monitoring" investigations into Garner's death.[107]

Two U.S. Presidents have expressed thoughts about Garner's death. Barack Obama addressed the grand jury's decision by making a speech, stating that Garner's death and the legal outcome of it is an "American problem".[108] Obama also reacted by saying that Garner's death "speaks to the larger issues" of trust between police and civilians.[109] Former U.S. President George W. Bush said he found the verdict "hard to understand" and "very sad" in an interview.[110]

Rep. Peter King (R-NY) stated that, if Garner had been healthier, he would not have died after a police officer placed him in a chokehold. "If he had not had asthma, and a heart condition, and was so obese, almost definitely he would not have died from this." King added that there "was not a hint" that anyone used any racial epithets, and that if Garner were a "350-pound white guy, he would have been treated the same."[111]

Celebrities

Shady Records recording artist Kxng Crooked aka Crooked I of Slaughterhouse recorded a tribute song for Garner titled "I Can't Breathe". The song was released exclusively through MTV News.[112] Crooked used the same instrumental that was used for 2Pac's "Pain", with additional production added by Jonathan Hay.[113] The cover art features an image of Garner being held in a chokehold by law enforcement officials.[114]

After the grand jury declined to indict Pantaleo, professional athletes such as NFL players Reggie Bush, Ryan Davis, Cecil Shorts III, Marqise Lee, Ace Sanders, and Allen Hurns;[115] and NBA players LeBron James, Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers, Kyrie Irving, Kevin Garnett, Derrick Rose, Jarrett Jack, and Deron Williams, wore T-shirts bearing the phrase "I can't breathe" during pregame warmups.[116][117][118] The Phoenix Suns also wore the shirts.[119] President Obama and Attorney General Holder applauded James for wearing the shirt.[120][121]

The Georgetown University men's basketball team wore "I can't breathe" shirts,[122] as did the University of Notre Dame Women's Basketball team.[123]

Realizing that Garner died the same way as Radio Raheem, a character from the film Do the Right Thing, film director Spike Lee also paid tribute to Garner by splicing live footage of Garner's death with a clip from the film showing several police officers putting the said character in a chokehold.[124][125]

The title of Terence Blanchard's 2015 album Breathless was inspired by Garner's last words ("I can't breathe").[126]

After the grand jury

In October 2014, Garner's family announced their intention to file a wrongful death lawsuit against the City of New York, the police department, and several police officers, seeking $75 million in damages.[127] The parties announced a $5.9 million out-of-court settlement on July 13, 2015.[128][129] Garner's widow earlier rejected a $5-million settlement offer.[130]

On December 3, 2014, after the grand jury decided not to indict Pantaleo, the Department of Justice announced it would conduct an independent investigation.[10][131][132] In January 2015 it was reported that the FBI's New York Field Office was reviewing the incident and events thereafter.[133] The investigation was overseen by local United States Attorney Loretta Lynch until she became the US Attorney General.[134] The local FBI investigators and federal prosecutors determined that charges should not be brought in the case, prompting strong disagreement from attorneys in the Washington, D.C. office of the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division.[134] In October 2016, Attorney General Lynch removed the local FBI agents and federal prosecutors from the case, replacing them with agents from outside New York.[134] Lynch's intervention has been called "highly unusual".[134]

In 2016, Ramsey Orta, the Garner friend who had filmed his death, pleaded guilty to a drugs and weapons possession charge for which he is serving a four-year sentence. Orta has long maintained that his conviction was in retaliation for filming Garner's death, and he has said he has been the subject of brutality in the correctional system.[135][136]

In 2017 ThinkProgress obtained anonymously and published Pantaleo's police department disciplinary records, showing that Pantaleo had "seven disciplinary complaints and 14 individual allegations lodged against him. Four of those allegations were substantiated by an independent review board."[137][138][139][140]

On July 16, 2018, NYPD Deputy Commissioner Lawrence Byrne wrote a letter to the Justice Department stating that the NYPD would pursue disciplinary actions against officers involved in Garner's death if the Justice Department did not file charges by the end of August.[141]

See also

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
  • Death of Hadiya Pendleton
  • Death of Jonny Gammage
  • Death of Jonathan Sanders
  • Death of Sandra Bland
  • Hands up, don't shoot
  • List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, July 2014
  • Mothers of the Movement
  • New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct
  • Shooting of Andy Lopez
  • Shooting of Alton Sterling
  • Shooting of Jeremy McDole
  • Shooting of Tamir Rice
{{Div col end}}{{Clear}}

References

1. ^{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=C. |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Man dies after suffering heart attack during arrest |url=https://nypost.com/2014/07/18/man-dies-after-suffering-heart-attack-during-arrest/|newspaper=New York Post |location=New York City |publisher=Jesse Angelo |accessdate=August 10, 2014}}
2. ^{{cite news |last=Goodman |first=J. David |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Difficult Decisions Ahead in Responding to Police Chokehold Homicide |url=http://nyti.ms/1mhkUTN |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=August 10, 2014}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/funeral-today-eric-garner-article-1.1877381 |title=Eric Garner, who died after NYPD chokehold, laid to rest |work=Daily News|location=New York |date=July 23, 2014}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/friends-man-nyc-chokehold-case-gentle-giant-205839377.html |title=Friends: Man in NYC chokehold case 'gentle giant' |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=July 21, 2014 |accessdate=July 21, 2014 |first=Rachelle |last=Blidner}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/07/he_was_a_great_dad_says_family.html |title="He was a great dad," says family of man who died while being arrested in Tompkinsville |publisher=SILive.com}}
6. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-city-police-officer-wont-face-criminal-charges-in-eric-garner-death-1417635275 |title=New York City Police Officer Won't Face Criminal Charges in Eric Garner Death |first=Rebecca Davis |last=O'Brien |first2=Michael Howard |last2=Saul |first3=Pervaiz |last3=Shallwani |date=December 4, 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=December 4, 2014}}
7. ^{{cite news |first=Soraya Nadia |last=McDonald |title=Friends: Eric Garner was a 'gentle giant' |date=December 4, 2014 |website=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/12/04/friends-eric-garner-was-a-gentle-giant/}}
8. ^{{cite web | last=Goldstein | first=Joseph | last2=Schweber | first2=Nate | title=Man’s Death After Chokehold Raises Old Issue for the Police | website=The New York Times | date=July 18, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/19/nyregion/staten-island-man-dies-after-he-is-put-in-chokehold-during-arrest.html | accessdate=February 3, 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/253681968/Eric-Garner-Lawsuit-NYPD-Violated-Him-in-Eric-s-own-hand-writing-7-years-ago |title=Garner v. Owens, City of New York, NYPD - USDC SDNY (07 CV 11513)}}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite news |url=http://nyti.ms/1lceF3h|title=Man's Death After Chokehold Raises Old Issue for the Police |first=Joseph |last=Goldstein |first2=Nate |last2=Schweber |website=The New York Times |date=July 18, 2014}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.silive.com/northshore/index.ssf/2014/07/eric_garner_who_died_in_police.html |title=Misdemeanor cases over alleged untaxed cigarettes preceded fatal police incident with Eric Garner |publisher=SILive.com}}
12. ^{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/03/justice/new-york-grand-jury-chokehold/ |title=N.Y. cop not indicted in chokehold death |first=Ray |last=Sanchez |first2=Shimon |last2=Prokupecz |date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=CNN}}
13. ^{{cite web | last=Schram | first=Jamie | last2=Prendergast | first2=Daniel | title=Officer in chokehold arrest receives death threats online | website=New York Post | date=July 22, 2014 | url=https://nypost.com/2014/07/22/officer-who-choked-man-receiving-death-threats/ | accessdate=February 3, 2017}}
14. ^Eric Garner case: Cop 'model officer,' supporters say, CNN, December 5, 2014.
15. ^{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1412/01/acd.01.html |title=CNN: Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees transcript Dec. 1, 2014 |date=December 1, 2014 |accessdate=December 4, 2014 |publisher=CNN}}
16. ^Jonsson, Patrik. NYPD Officer Daniel Pantaleo Stripped Of Gun, Badge After Chokehold Death, The Huffington Post, July 19, 2014.
17. ^Jonsson, Patrik. Eric Garner ruled victim of chokehold 'homicide': Should a grand jury indict?, The Christian Science Monitor, August 2, 2014.
18. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/12/04/choke-hold-cop-pantaleo-sued/19899461/ |title=Choke-hold cop sued in prior misconduct cases |website=USA Today |first=Kevin |last=McCoy |date=December 4, 2014}}
19. ^{{cite news |first=Ken |last=Murray |title=How the Daily News acquired the Eric Garner video |date=July 11, 2015 |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |website=Daily News|location=New York |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/video-shows-fatally-choking-eric-garner-graphic-content-article-1.2289271}}
20. ^A Grand Jury Did Indict One Person Involved In Eric Garner's Killing -- The Man Who Filmed It, Nick Wing, The Huffington Post, December 3, 2014
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/what-killed-eric-garner|title=Eric Garner was killed by more than just a chokehold|publisher=MSNBC}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/staten-island-da-man-death-nypd-chokehold-article-1.1871946|title=Two cops pulled off streets, Staten Island DA looking into death of dad of six after NYPD cop put him in chokehold during sidewalk takedown|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York|date=July 18, 2014|accessdate=December 3, 2014}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/04/us/garner-last-words|title=Eric Garner's haunting last words|first=Susanna|last=Capelouto|date=December 4, 2014|publisher=CNN}}
24. ^NYPD Strips Badge, Gun From Cop Involved In Fatal Chokehold {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501013056/http://gothamist.com/2014/07/20/nypd_strips_badge_gun_from_cop_invo.php|date=May 1, 2015}}, Gothamist, July 20, 2014.
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26. ^1 {{cite web |first=Richard |last=Steier |title=Ex-NYPD Trials Chief: Need Special Prosecutor for Cases Like 'Garner' |date=December 8, 2014 |accessdate=December 11, 2014 |website=The Chief |url=http://thechiefleader.com/news/open_articles/ex-nypd-trials-chief-need-special-prosecutor-for-cases-like/article_43ce1012-7ee9-11e4-a516-c7c2a69c6975.html}}
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109. ^{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Rebecca Davis |title=New York City Police Officer Won't Face Criminal Charges in Eric Garner Death |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-city-police-officer-wont-face-criminal-charges-in-eric-garner-death-1417635275 |website=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=December 11, 2014 |date=December 4, 2014}}
110. ^George W. Bush weighs in on Eric Garner death, Politico, December 5, 2014.
111. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/03/peter-king-eric-garner_n_6265748.html |title=Peter King Says Eric Garner Would Not Have Died From Chokehold Were He Not Obese |work=The Huffington Post |accessdate=December 13, 2014 |date=December 3, 2014}}
112. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2017734/kxng-crooked-tupac-eric-garner-i-cant-breathe/ |title=Exclusive: Kxng Crooked Channels Tupac On His Eric Garner Dedication 'I Can't Breathe' |publisher=MTV |date=December 5, 2014 |accessdate=May 26, 2016}}
113. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.audiomack.com/song/smh-records-1/mtv-exclusive |title=KXNG CROOKED of Slaughterhouse - I Can't Breathe - Download |publisher=Audiomack |date= |accessdate=May 26, 2016}}
114. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2047819/kxng-crooked-i-cant-breathe-video/ |title=Kxng Crooked Meditates On Eric Garner Protests With 'I Can't Breathe' Video |publisher=MTV |date=January 13, 2015 |accessdate=May 26, 2016}}
115. ^{{cite web |url=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/12/19/jaguars-players-wear-i-cant-breathe-shirts-in-pregame-warm-ups/ |title=Jaguars players wear "I can't breathe" shirts in pregame warm ups - ProFootballTalk }}
116. ^NBA and NFL players join demonstrations against police violence, CNN, December 9, 2014.
117. ^Rhoden, William C. When the Protest Moves to the N.B.A. Arena, The New York Times, December 9, 2014.
118. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/10/kobe-lakers-i-cant-breathe-shirts_n_6298944.html |title=Kobe Bryant, Lakers Teammates Wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-Shirts |work=The Huffington Post |date=December 10, 2014}}
119. ^{{cite web |url=http://arizonasports.com/41/1791769/Phoenix-Suns-don-I-Cant-Breathe-Tshirts-before-game-vs-Milwaukee-Bucks |title=Phoenix Suns |author=Arizona Sports |date=December 31, 1969 |publisher=arizonasports.com}}
120. ^{{cite news |url=http://time.com/3641145/obama-praises-lebron-james-eric-garner-shirt/ |title=Barack Obama Praises Lebron James, Says More Athletes Should Speak Out |author=Charlotte Alter |work=Time |date=December 18, 2014}}
121. ^{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/227133-holder-praises-nba-stars-for-i-cant-breathe-t-shirts |title=Holder praises NBA stars for 'I can't breathe' shirts |author=Justin Sink |work=TheHill}}
122. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/10/georgetown-i-cant-breathe-shirts_n_6305356.html |title=Georgetown Players Are Latest Athletes To Wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-Shirts |work=The Huffington Post |date=December 10, 2014}}
123. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.elkharttruth.com/sports/college-sports/notre-dame-university/2014/12/14/Notre-Dame-women-s-players-wear-I-Can-t-Breathe-T-shirts-1.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20141221005222/http://www.elkharttruth.com/sports/college-sports/notre-dame-university/2014/12/14/Notre-Dame-women-s-players-wear-I-Can-t-Breathe-T-shirts-1.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2014-12-21 |title=Notre Dame women's players wear 'I Can't Breathe' T-shirts |work=Elkhart Truth }}
124. ^{{cite web|last1=McDonald|first1=Soroya Nadia|title=Spike Lee splices footage of Eric Garner’s death with Radio Raheem’s in ‘Do the Right Thing’|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/07/22/spike-lee-splices-footage-of-eric-garners-death-with-radio-raheems-in-do-the-right-thing/|website=The Washington Post|accessdate=28 June 2017}}
125. ^{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Spike|title=Radio Raheem and the Gentle Giant|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bnq4rrcIO1g|website=YouTube|accessdate=2 July 2017}}
126. ^{{cite web|last1= Fordham|first1=John|title=Terence Blanchard: Breathless review – rapturous flares but an uneven set|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/21/terence-blanchard-breathless-review|website=The Guardian|publisher=theguardian.com|accessdate=December 21, 2016|date=May 21, 2015}}
127. ^{{cite news |first=Marc |last=Santora |title=Eric Garner's Family to Sue New York City Over Chokehold Case |date=October 7, 2014 |accessdate=July 13, 2015 |website=The New York Times |url=http://nyti.ms/1saUcD7}}
128. ^{{cite news |first=J. David |last=Goodman |title=Eric Garner Case Is Settled by New York City for $5.9 Million |date=July 13, 2015 |access-date=July 13, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://nyti.ms/1JetjlU}}
129. ^{{cite web |last1=Pengelly |first1=Martin |title=New York City agrees to pay $5.9m in settlement with family of Eric Garner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/13/new-york-city-pays-59m-in-settlement-with-family-of-eric-garner |website=The Guardian |access-date=July 14, 2015}}
130. ^{{cite news |first=John |last=Marzulli |first2=Ginger Adams |last2=Otis |first3=Stephen Rex |last3=Brown |title=Eric Garner's widow rejects NYC's $5M offer to settle wrongful death suit: source |date=July 13, 2015 |accessdate=July 15, 2015 |newspaper=Daily News|location=New York |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/eric-garner-widow-rejects-city-5m-settlement-source-article-1.2290081}}
131. ^{{cite press release |title=Statement by Attorney General Holder on Federal Investigation Into Death of Eric Garner |publisher=US Department of Justice |date=December 3, 2015 |url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/statement-attorney-general-holder-federal-investigation-death-eric-garner |access-date=July 12, 2015}}
132. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/chi-eric-garner-chokehold-grand-jury-verdict-20141203,0,5325686.story |title=Department of Justice to investigate NY chokehold death: U.S. official |agency=Tribune wire report |date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=redeyechicago.com}}
133. ^{{cite news |last=Prokupecz |first=Shimon |last2=Sanchez |first2=Ray |title=FBI agents take 'fresh look' at Eric Garner case |publisher=CNN |date=January 21, 2015 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/20/us/new-york-chokehold-investigation/ |access-date=July 15, 2015}}
134. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |first1=Matt |last1=Apuzzo |authorlink1=Matt Apuzzo |first2=Adam |last2=Goldman |authorlink2=Adam Goldman |first3=William K. |last3=Rashbaum |title=Justice Dept. Shakes Up Inquiry Into Eric Garner Chokehold Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/25/nyregion/justice-dept-replaces-investigators-on-eric-garner-case.html |accessdate=October 26, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=October 25, 2016}}
135. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/ramsey-orta-jail-guards-beat-eric-garner-death-video-article-1.3596164|title=Ramsey Orta says he's been beaten by prison guards, thrown in solitary as retaliation for filming Eric Garner death - NY Daily News|first=Stephen Rex|last=Brown|website=nydailynews.com}}
136. ^1 https://www.wnyc.org/story/life-after-i-cant-breathe/
137. ^{{cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE DOCUMENTS: The disturbing secret history of the NYPD officer who killed Eric Garner |first1=Jack |last1=Jenkins |first2=Carimah |last2=Townes |date=March 21, 2017 |access-date=September 28, 2017 |url=https://thinkprogress.org/daniel-pantaleo-records-75833e6168f3/}}
138. ^{{cite news |title=Records Leak in Eric Garner Case Renews Debate on Police Discipline |first1=Al |last1=Baker |first2=Benjamin |last2=Mueller |date=March 22, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/nyregion/nypd-eric-garner-daniel-pantaleo-disciplinary-records.html |access-date=September 27, 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times}}
139. ^{{cite news |title=NYPD hunting for source of leaked records, in latest twist in Garner case |first=Azi |last=Paybarah |publisher=Politico |date=March 22, 2017 |access-date=September 27, 2017 |url=http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2017/03/de-blasio-mum-as-nypd-huts-for-source-of-pantaleo-leaker-110604}}
140. ^{{cite news |title=Board recommended discipline for Officer Daniel Pantaleo years before fatal Eric Garner chokehold: report |first1=Stephen Rex |last1=Brown |first2=Jillian |last2=Jorgensen |first3=Graham |last3=Rayman |newspaper=New York Daily News |date=March 21, 2017 |access-date=September 27, 2017 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/revelations-officer-pantaleo-record-eric-garner-article-1.3004217}}
141. ^{{cite news |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |title=NYPD Will Pursue Internal Charges Against Officers In Eric Garner's Death |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/629731461/nypd-will-pursue-internal-charges-against-officers-in-eric-garners-death |publisher=NPR News |date=July 17, 2018}}

External links

{{Commons category-inline|Death of Eric Garner}}{{New York City Police Department}}{{Black Lives Matter}}{{Portal bar|2010s|Death|New York City|Law enforcement}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Garner, Eric}}

20 : 2014 controversies in the United States|2014 deaths|2014 in New York City|African-American history in New York City|African-American-related controversies|Black Lives Matter|Civil rights protests in the United States|Crimes in New York City|Deaths by person in the United States|Deaths by strangulation in the United States|Deaths from asthma|Death in New York (state)|Deaths in police custody in the United States|Filmed killings by law enforcement|History of African-American civil rights|History of Staten Island|July 2014 events in the United States|New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct|Protests in the United States|Race and crime in the United States
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