“Presidio”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A presidio (from the Spanish, presidio, meaning "jail" or "fortification"^[1]) is a fortified base established by the Spanish in areas under their control or influence.

The term is derived from the Latin word praesidium meaning protection or defense.

In the Americas, the fortresses were built to protect against pirates and rival colonists, as well as against resistance from Native Americans. In the Mediterranean and the Philippines, the presidios were outposts of Christian defense against Islamic raids. The presidios of Spanish-Philippines in particular, were centers where the martial art of Arnis de Mano was developed, combining Filipino, Latin-American and Spanish fighting techniques.^[2] Later in western North America, with independence, the Mexicans garrisoned the Spanish presidios on the northern frontier and followed the same pattern in unsettled frontier regions like the Presidio de Sonoma, at Sonoma, California, and the Presidio de Calabasas, in Arizona.

In western North America, a rancho del rey or king{{'}}s ranch would be established a short distance outside a presidio. This was a tract of land assigned to the presidio to furnish pasturage to the horses and other beasts of burden of the garrison. Mexico called this facility "rancho nacional".^[3]

Mediterranean

United States

Mexico

Presidios were established in frontier regions in northern Mexico to control and confine rebellious indigenous tribes.^[5] Captured indigenous warriors were confined and enslaved at the presidio.^[6]

Philippines

Further reading

References

Gerald, Rex E. (1968) Spanish Presidios of the Late Eighteenth Century in Northern New Spain. Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe.

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://dle.rae.es/?id=U6gCCiy|title=presidio — Diccionario de la lengua española, Edición del Tricentenario|website=RAE|language=Spanish|access-date=October 28, 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.realfighting.com/issue7/romyframe.html |title=Real Fighting |website=Web.archive.org |date=2008-02-21 |accessdate=2015-12-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221002253/http://www.realfighting.com/issue7/romyframe.html |archivedate=February 21, 2008 }}
3. ^Ranchos of California: Extracts from: Grants of land in California made by Spanish or Mexican authorities, by Cris Perez Boundary Determination Office State Lands Commission Boundary Investigation Unit August 23, 1982. Berkeley Library website.
4. ^¹²{{cite journal|last=Childers|first=Ronald Wayne|title=The Presidio System in Spanish Florida 1565-1763|journal=Historical Archaeology|year=2004|volume=38|issue=3|pages=24–32|jstor=25617178}}
5. ^"Spanish policymakers also decided to set up a line of presidios stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This presidial line was very close to today’s international border between Mexico and the United States." Reséndez, Andrés. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (p. 198). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.
6. ^"As the eighteenth century unfolded, military garrisons and soldiers superseded the missions as the lynchpins of Spain’s efforts to stabilize the frontier. With the new approach came new forms of coercion. The word “presidio” captures the dual purpose of garrison and prison." Reséndez, Andrés. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (p. 205). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.