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词条 December 1957 tornado outbreak sequence
释义

  1. Meteorological synopsis

  2. Tornado table

     December 18 event  December 19 event  December 20 

  3. Notable tornadoes

     Mt. Vernon, Illinois  Gorham–Murphysboro–DeSoto, Illinois 

  4. Non-tornadic effects

  5. Aftermath

  6. Oddities/records

  7. See also

  8. References

     Bibliography 

  9. Notes

  10. External links

{{Infobox storm
| name = December 1957 tornado outbreak sequence
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = Tornado outbreak
| active = December 18–19, 1957
| lowest pressure =
| lowest temperature =
| tornadoes = 37
| fujitascale = F5
| tornado duration = ~1½ day
| highest winds = {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|}} (estimated) at Hannibal, Missouri
| hail = {{convert|.75|in|cm|}} in diameter in St. Francois County, Missouri on December 18
| gusts =
| maximum snow =
| power outages =
| casualties = 19 fatalities, unknown injuries
| damages =
| affected =
| current advisories =
| enhanced =
| notes =
}}

The December 1957 tornado outbreak sequence{{#tag:ref|An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) modern records that began in 1950, is defined as, at most, two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]|group="nb"}}{{#tag:ref|All damage totals are in 1957 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.|group="nb"}} was a significant tornado outbreak sequence that affected the southern Midwest and the South of the contiguous United States on December 18–19, 1957. The outbreak began on the afternoon of December 18, when from the west a low-pressure area approached the southern portions of Missouri and Illinois.

Meteorological synopsis

At 6:00 a.m. CST/12 UTC on December 18, 1957, a vigorous shortwave trough[2] entered the Great Plains with a cold front moving east across Oklahoma and Kansas.[3] A dissipating stationary front over Oklahoma underwent frontolysis[3] and later redeveloped as a warm front which extended across central Illinois.[4] By 3:00 p.m. CST, surface dew points reached the low 60s °F across portions of southeast Missouri and southern Illinois, including the St. Louis area. Although most areas were then recording overcast weather conditions,[4] a strong upper-level jet stream helped impart synoptic-scale lifting,[2] a factor that favors updrafts, and little vertical mixing occurred, so instability remained favorable for thunderstorm development. Additionally, very cold temperatures[2] following a surface cyclone[3] raised the lifted index to -6 due to high adiabatic lapse rates.[4] Wind speeds at the middle level of the atmosphere, just under {{convert|6|km|mi|}} from the ground, were close to {{convert|70|mi/h|km/h|}} as well.[4] Conditions were therefore very conducive to a large tornado outbreak on the afternoon of December 18.

Similarly favorable conditions occurred a day later, as a warm and moist air mass spread northward from the Gulf of Mexico. In fact, temperatures in the Mississippi Valley and the upper Midwest approached record highs for December. St. Louis and Detroit, recorded afternoon highs of 57 °F, while Chicago measured 56 °F, only eight degrees lower than the local record high for December 19. Local residents and meteorologists described temperatures as being "springlike" for the time of year, even though meteorological winter was due to begin on December 23. Farther south, temperatures along the Gulf Coast reached the low 70s °F. Just as on December 18, a second tornado outbreak occurred in a broad warm sector from Arkansas to Illinois and south to Alabama.[5]

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Tornado table

{{Tornado Chart | Total=37 | F0=0 | F1=8 | F2=16 | F3=9 | F4=3 | F5=1}}{{Clear}}

December 18 event

F#LocationCountyTime (UTC)Path lengthDamage
Missouri
cat1}} | F1TruxtonLincoln18300.3|mi|km|}}Tornado injured one person as it unroofed three homes and removed one of them from its foundation. It is officially rated F1 but one authority accepts an F2 ranking (Grazulis 1993).
cat2}} | F2NE of Knob LickSt. Francois19502.7|mi|km|}}1 death – The first deadly tornado to form on December 18 developed at 1:50 p.m. CST near Knob Lick,[6] about {{convert>15|mi|km|}} north of Fredericktown in St. Francois County, Missouri.[14] It killed an infant as its home was destroyed, injured one person, and leveled barns and silos along its path.[6] The parent thunderstorm likely produced the later tornado at McBride, Missouri,[14] and the second F3 tornado to hit near Chester, Illinois.[6] The Knob Lick tornado is officially rated F2 but is believed by some sources to have been F3 in intensity.[6]
cat2}} | F2McBridePerry21000.5|mi|km|}}Tornado hurled an occupied elementary school in the air, but the 32 students then in attendance escaped injuries. 15 to 20 buildings were damaged in the area.[7] The tornado was part of the same thunderstorm that produced the second tornado near Chester, Illinois. It is officially ranked F2 but may have been F3 in intensity at McBride.
cat2}} | F2SW of Millersville to NE of PocahontasCape Girardeau224515.8|mi|km|}}Tornado injured one person and hit five farms along its path, leveling the home and barns on at least one site. It is officially rated F2 but damage descriptions suggest that it may have reached F3 intensity (Grazulis 1993).
cat2}} | F2N of AltenburgPerry23001|mi|km|}}Tornado was initially assumed to have occurred at the same time as the McBride tornado but this assessment was changed.[7] It is officially ranked F2 but may have been weaker and is thus not treated as significant by Grazulis (1993).
cat2}} | F2ChaffeeScott23220.5|mi|km|}}3 deaths – At least one tornado wrecked downtown Chaffee as it unroofed and destroyed homes and businesses along with a shoe factory (Grazulis 1993). Though two or more tornadoes may have been involved, only one was officially recorded. All three deaths occurred in a small home. There may have been four injuries rather than the one officially listed.
Illinois
cat3}} | F3N of Chester to N of ConantRandolph, Perry204020.2|mi|km|lk=on}}Tornado damaged or destroyed buildings on 10 farm sites. Damage path skipped and was not continuous. Was the first of two tornadoes to hit near Chester, this one hitting north of the town. The next event hit southeast of Chester.
cat3}} | F3SE of Chester to NW of DenmarkRandolph, Perry211517.7|mi|km|}}Second Chester tornado caused near-F4 damage to a home outside Chester and later damaged or destroyed 24 homes at Willisville. The local brick high school at Willisville was also destroyed.[7] The tornado was part of a tornado family that began at McBride, Missouri, with total losses from both tornadoes reaching $100,000.
cat2}} | F2SE of Wood RiverMadison21201|mi|km|}}Tornado damaged or destroyed nine buildings in south Wood River. One authority unofficially ranks the tornado at F3 intensity (Grazulis 1993).
cat1}} | F1Mason CityMason21350.1|mi|km|}}Tornado caused minimal damage to three or four buildings. One person was injured.[7]
cat3}} | F3N of CutlerPerry21352.5|mi|km|}}Tornado injured one person and damaged or destroyed six homes in a community at the intersection of Illinois Routes 154 and 150. Cars were blown off the highways and destroyed.[7]
cat2}} | F2N of Boyd to S of DixJefferson21454.5|mi|km|}}Tornado injured two people while unroofing or severely damaging eight buildings.
cat4}} | F4E of Radom to Mt. Vernon to NW of BlufordJefferson215516.8|mi|km|}}1 death – See section on this tornado
cat2}} | F2N of AvaJackson22005.4|mi|km|}}Tornado damaged three or four homes.[7] It is not listed as an F2 event by Grazulis (1993).
cat3}} | F3Rockwood areaRandolph22155.7|mi|km|}}Tornado flipped freight cars and damaged nearby buildings.[7] It is not listed as a significant (F2–F5) event by Grazulis (1993).
cat2}} | F2E of Woodlawn to Mt. VernonJefferson223011.6|mi|km|}}Second tornado to hit Mt. Vernon struck the north side of town, hitting and damaging 12 buildings, including six farms and six homes. Tornado is unofficially rated F3 by Grazulis (1993).
cat5}} | F5N of SunfieldPerry22355.4|mi|km|}}1 death – At 4:35 p.m. CST on December 18, the only F5 tornado of the outbreak sequence destroyed the entire community of Sunfield in Perry County, Illinois. The powerful tornado touched down at the intersection of U.S. Route 51 and Illinois Route 154, which was then the location of Sunfield. The extreme damage only occurred in the small settlement, which reportedly completely vanished.[6][7] As of 2012, the community is now located to the south of the intersection, perhaps due to the tornado. One man who could not seek shelter in time died in an exposed location.[6] Six other people were injured. The thunderstorm that generated the Sunfield tornado continued moving east-northeast and may have also produced the tornado that hit Dahlgren, {{convert>32|mi|km|}} east-northeast of Sunfield.[7]
cat4}} | F4Gorham to Murphysboro to SE of ZeiglerJackson, Williamson, Franklin224528.3|mi|km|}}11 deaths – See section on this tornado
cat3}} | F3E of Orchardville to Clay CityWayne, Clay230019.6|mi|km|}}Tornado injured one person and destroyed buildings on 20 different farm sites. The most intense damage occurred as the tornado touched down, then became less severe and discontinuous.[7] It dissipated just south of downtown Clay City. Another, unconfirmed tornado may have hit the same area at 2330 UTC.[7]
cat2}} | F2CarbondaleJackson23251.5|mi|km|}}Tornado touched down near Southern Illinois University and injured five people. It destroyed 15 trailers and caused damage to three other homes.[7] It is not regarded by Grazulis (1993) as being F2–F5 in intensity.
cat3}} | F3W of Ste. MarieJasper23254.5|mi|km|}}Tornado damaged four farms and destroyed one or more barns between Boos and Ste. Marie.
cat3}} | F3DahlgrenHamilton23352.5|mi|km|}}Tornado destroyed homes in parts of Dahlgren and caused F3 damage along its very short path. It may have been produced by the same thunderstorm that spawned the F5 Sunfield tornado.[7]
cat3}} | F3SW of Springerton to NW of GrayvilleHamilton, White, Edwards000019.8|mi|km|}}Tornado injured four people as it destroyed four or more barns and a home along its path.
cat2}} | F2E of KarnakJohnson00000.1|mi|km|}}Tornado destroyed one church and struck a school and two farms. Two tornadoes were probably involved but the event is not officially listed as such.
cat1}} | F1SE of Sidell to W of IndianolaVermilion00403|mi|km|}}Tornado was apparently heard to produce a "'roaring'" noise with minimal damage.[7]
Sources: Tornado Data for December 18, 1957, Grazulis 1993
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December 19 event

F#LocationCountyTime (UTC)Path lengthDamage
Arkansas
cat4}} | F4E of Waldo to N of StephensColumbia, Ouachita184417.7|mi|km|}}2 deaths – Tornado produced F4 damage as it touched down at "Cotton Belt", a community between Waldo and McNeil. There, five homes were leveled and a boy killed and thrown {{convert>250|yd|ft|}} from his home. Elsewhere, the tornado damaged five other homes. The tornado also threw and rolled a car {{convert|600|yd|mi|}} just before dissipating, having caused nine injuries and destroyed eight buildings.[7]
cat3}} | F3Sherrill to SE of TuckerJefferson21403.8|mi|km|}}Tornado caused damage to two farm sites as it passed near Sherrill[7] and then struck the Tucker State Prison Farm.
Tennessee
cat1}} | F1S of MilanGibson21000.1|mi|km|}}Tornado destroyed four tenant homes on a farm in the Sitka community, south of Milan.[7]
cat2}} | F2HumboldtGibson03150.5|mi|km|}}Tornado completely unroofed a hotel and partly ripped the roof from the Humboldt city hall. It also leveled one warehouse, four tenants, and a "concrete block" garage (Grazulis 1993). Also, the tornado badly damaged a cotton gin, downed electrical wires and TV antennas, and moved and damaged a building. Flying debris damaged numerous structures.[7]
cat1}} | F1MilanGibson03200.1|mi|km|}}Second tornado to hit the Milan area injured two people by flying debris while damaging roofs, windows, and antennae. It may have originated from the storm that caused the Humboldt tornado.[7]
Missouri
cat2}} | F2SE of Golden CityDade22106.6|mi|km|}}Tornado damaged five different farm sites while alternately lifting and touching down again. Several funnels were reported, so more than one tornado may have been involved.[7] Tornado is not listed by Grazulis (1993) as being F2 or greater in intensity.
Illinois
cat2}} | F2WaltonvilleJefferson23501|mi|km|}}Tornado severely damaged one farm and lightly damaged other buildings.[7] Not rated F2 or higher by Grazulis (1993).
cat2}} | F2PankeyvilleSaline03000.5|mi|km|}}Tornado damaged a barn and other buildings south of Harrisburg.[7] Not rated F2 or higher by Grazulis (1993).
Alabama
cat1}} | F1S of WinfieldFayette04300.1|mi|km|}}Tornado destroyed one home along with outbuildings.[7]
cat2}} | F2LittlevilleColbert05150.1|mi|km|}}Tornado destroyed three homes, damaged 12, and also damaged seven businesses and the city hall in Littleville. Damage was high-end F2 in intensity.[6]
Sources: Tornado Data for December 19, 1957, Grazulis 1993
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December 20

F#LocationCountyTime (UTC)Path lengthDamage
Alabama
cat1}} | F1ClantonChilton08530.1|mi|km|}}Tornado caused much damage to 35 homes and a cotton mill.[7] May have been F2 according to Grazulis (1993).
cat1}} | F1E of CastleberryConecuh09000.8|mi|km|}}0.5|mi|km|}} from each other. It destroyed two homes and one barn.[7] Possibly F2 according to Grazulis (1993).
Sources: Tornado Data for December 19, 1957, Grazulis 1993
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Notable tornadoes

Mt. Vernon, Illinois

The second deadly tornado to develop on December 18 became one of two tornadoes to strike Mt. Vernon in Jefferson County, Illinois. The first tornado was the strongest and formed at 3:55 p.m. CST about {{convert|10|mi|km|}} west-southwest of downtown Mt. Vernon, whence local police patrol vehicles and radio reports monitored its movement.[7] As the tornado approached downtown Mt. Vernon, it completely leveled small, "prefabricated", ranch-style homes in southwest Mt. Vernon;[7] damage in this area was later rated F4 by meteorologists.[6] Thereafter, the tornado weakened as it neared downtown Mt. Vernon and may have even dissipated before reforming as a separate tornado to the north. It then continued on a skipping path and caused less severe damage to older homesites northeast of Mt. Vernon.[7] In Mt. Vernon, the tornado damaged or destroyed about 15 to 20 buildings, including the Block Grade School, where students left only 30 minutes beforehand. The funnel was described as being "swirling black clouds", filled with debris, that vanished northwest of downtown Mt. Vernon.[51]

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Gorham–Murphysboro–DeSoto, Illinois

The deadliest tornado of the entire tornado outbreak sequence closely followed part of the March 18, 1925, Tri-State Tornado path,[6] and indeed affected the same towns of Gorham, Murphysboro, and De Soto that were hit in 1925.[51] It may have touched down in eastern Missouri but was first observed at 4:45 p.m. CST (some sources say 4:30 p.m. CST[7]) in Gorham, destroying or damaging 40 homes there.[6] As it neared and passed through the southeast side of Murphysboro, the tornado paralleled the Big Muddy River, moving east-northeast.[7] It produced the worst damage, posthumously rated F4, in this area, destroying old buildings;[7] however, the most intense damage only affected a small section of southeast Murphysboro, where 10 of the 11 deaths occurred.[6] Afterward, the tornado continued on to damage parts of De Soto, Hurst, and Bush.[6] Murphysboro was powerless for almost three days as most utilities were in the worst-hit area. The tornado injured 200 people along its path.[6]

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Non-tornadic effects

Severe thunderstorms in connection with the outbreak on December 18 produced hail up to {{convert|.75|in|cm|}} in diameter in St. Francois County, Missouri.[7] Severe winds estimated at up to {{convert|60|mi/h|km/h|}} also affected the Hannibal area in that state, downing power lines and wires. In addition to the six known tornadoes in Missouri, unconfirmed reports of tornadoes occurred in Jefferson County, along with many reports of funnel clouds elsewhere in the state.[7] Other unconfirmed tornadoes were reported in other states, including an alleged tornado that hit Rockville, Indiana.[8] On December 19, a dust storm with {{convert|50|mi/h|km/h|adj=on}} wind gusts tossed three roofs onto vehicles and reduced visibility to just {{convert|0.50|mi|km|}} in Dallas, Texas. In addition to the three confirmed tornadoes that hit the state that day, severe winds in Tennessee, reportedly unrelated to tornado activity, destroyed farm buildings, tore off roofs, and downed trees and electrical wires; though these may have been due to tornadoes, none was confirmed.[7] In addition to two confirmed tornadoes, unconfirmed reports of tornado damage arrived from Royalton and Elkville, Illinois;[5] though attributed to thunderstorm winds, these damages may have been due to tornadoes.[7] Additionally, severe thunderstorm activity on December 18–19 contributed to severe flood conditions across parts of southern Illinois and in Missouri.[5][7]

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Aftermath

After severe weather left the Murphysboro area in Illinois, police officers, firefighters, deputies, and other assistance were called out to the worst-hit subdivisions, Country Heights and Crown View.[8] Then-Illinois Director of Public Health Dr. Roland Cross also sent for the hard-hit Mt. Vernon area.[8] Then-Illinois Governor William G. Stratton directed Illinois state police to the affected areas of southern Illinois and also readied the Illinois National Guard for possible deployment to the region.[8]

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Oddities/records

According to official Storm Data records from the Storm Prediction Center, the outbreak sequence was the most intense December severe weather event in U.S. history based on the number of intense tornadoes. The outbreak on December 18, in terms of F2–F5 tornadoes, was the most intense ever to affect the U.S. state of Illinois—and also, with 13 deaths in the state, the deadliest to affect Illinois in meteorological winter—even though the strongest tornadoes affected a relatively limited area of the state. The entire tornado outbreak sequence produced 37 recorded tornadoes, and fully 78.4% of them were rated as significant, F2–F5 events based upon damage estimates by the Fujita scale. Of these, 20 occurred in Illinois on December 18 alone, the largest such number of F2–F5 tornadoes in that state by a single outbreak. The second-highest total was 10 F2–F5 events in the outbreak of April 19, 1996, and the third-highest was seven such events on June 5, 2006. The tornado outbreak sequence was also responsible for the largest number of F2–F5 tornadoes in a December outbreak nationwide, including the highest number of violent, F4–F5 tornadoes by a tornado outbreak in December—both records having been achieved by midnight CST/0600 UTC on December 18. The outbreak remains only the second of two to produce an F5 tornado in December, the other being the December 5, 1953, tornado outbreak in Vicksburg, Mississippi.

See also

  • List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes
  • Southern Illinois tornado history

References

1. ^{{cite web|last=Schneider|first=Russell S.|title=Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875-2003)|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/schneider/otbrkseq.pdf|publisher=Storm Prediction Center|accessdate=13 February 2013|author2=Harold E. Brooks |author3=Joseph T. Schaefer |location=Norman, Oklahoma}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Finch |first=Jonathan D. |title=Historical Tornado Cases for Saint Louis County Warning Area of Eastern Missouri and SW Illinois |url=http://bangladeshtornadoes.org/UScases/STL/discussion.html |accessdate=27 December 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515202732/http://bangladeshtornadoes.org/UScases/STL/discussion.html |archivedate=May 15, 2006 |deadurl=unfit }}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=U.S. Daily Weather Maps Project|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/dwm/data_rescue_daily_weather_maps.html|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=December 27, 2012}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=Finch |first=Jonathan D. |title=Historical Tornado Cases for North America, 1950-1959 |url=http://bangladeshtornadoes.org/UScases50to59.html |accessdate=27 December 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722100606/http://bangladeshtornadoes.org/UScases50to59.html |archivedate=July 22, 2011 |deadurl=unfit }}
5. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=2 Die in Arkansas in New Tornadoes|newspaper=New York Times|date=20 December 2012|page=56}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{harvnb|Grazulis|p=1012}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 {{cite journal|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena|journal=Climatological Data National Summary|date=December 1957|volume=8|issue=12|pages=522–531|publisher=United States Department of Commerce}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|title=Tornadoes Kill 8 in Midwest Area|newspaper=New York Times|date=19 December 1957|agency=United Press|page=63}}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite book|author=Grazulis, Thomas P.|year=1993|title=Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events|publisher=Environmental Films|isbn=978-1-879362-03-1}}
  • {{Cite book|author=—|year=2003|title=The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3538-0}}
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Notes

{{Reflist|group=nb}}

External links

  • Inflation calculator
{{DEFAULTSORT:1957-12-18 Tornado Outbreak}}

7 : F4 tornadoes by date|F5 tornadoes by date|Tornadoes of 1957|Tornadoes in Missouri|Tornadoes in Illinois|Tornadoes in Arkansas|December 1957 events
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