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词条 Deepsea Challenger
释义

  1. Development

  2. Specifications

  3. Dives

      Early dives    Challenger Deep    Records  

  4. Subsequent events

  5. Similar efforts

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

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}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship type=Deep-submergence vehicleShip tonnage=Ship displacement= 11.8 tonsShip tons burthen=7.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}Ship beam=Ship draft=Ship power= electric motorShip propulsion= 12 thrusters3|kn}}Ship range=Ship endurance= 56 hours11000|m|ft|abbr=on}}Ship complement= 1Ship sensors=Ship armor=Ship notes=
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Deepsea Challenger (DCV 1) is a {{convert|7.3|m|ft|adj=mid}} deep-diving submersible designed to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep, the deepest-known point on Earth. On 26 March 2012, Canadian film director James Cameron piloted the craft to accomplish this goal in the second manned dive reaching the Challenger Deep.[1][2][3][4] Built in Sydney, Australia by the research and design company Acheron Project Pty Ltd, Deepsea Challenger includes scientific sampling equipment and high-definition 3-D cameras; it reached the ocean's deepest point after two hours and 36 minutes of descent from the surface.[1][5]

Development

Deepsea Challenger was secretly built in Australia, in partnership with the National Geographic Society and with support from Rolex, in the Deepsea Challenge program. The construction of the submersible was headed by Australian engineer Ron Allum.[6] Many of the submersible developer team members hail from Sydney's cave-diving fraternity including Allum himself with many years' cave-diving experience.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Working in a small engineering workshop in Leichhardt, Sydney, Allum created new materials including a specialized structural syntactic foam called Isofloat,[7] capable of withstanding the huge compressive forces at the {{convert|11|km|mi|adj=mid}} depth. The new foam is unique in that it is more homogeneous and possesses greater uniform strength than other commercially available syntactic foam yet, with a specific density of about 0.7, will float in water. The foam is composed of very small hollow glass spheres suspended in an epoxy resin and comprises about 70% of the submarine's volume.[8]

The foam's strength enabled Deepsea Challenger design to incorporate thruster motors as part of the infrastructure mounted within the foam but without the aid of a steel skeleton to mount various mechanisms. The foam supersedes gasoline-filled tanks for flotation as used in the historic submarine, Bathyscaphe Trieste.

Allum also built many innovations, necessary to overcome the limitations of existing products (and presently undergoing development for other deep sea vehicles). These include pressure balanced oil filled thrusters;[9]

LED lighting arrays; new types of cameras; and fast reliable penetration communications cables allowing transmissions through the hull of the submersible.[10] Allum gained much of his experience developing the electronic communication used in Cameron's Titanic dives in filming Ghosts of the Abyss, Bismarck and others.[10][11]

Power systems for the submarine were supplied by lithium batteries that were housed within the foam and can be clearly seen in publicity photographs of the vessel.[12] The lithium battery charging systems were designed by Ron Allum.[13]

The submersible contains over 180 onboard systems, including batteries, thrusters, life support, 3D cameras, and LED lighting.[14] These interconnected systems are monitored and controlled by a programmable automation controller (PAC) from Temecula, California-based controls manufacturer Opto 22.[15][16][17][18] During dives, the control system also recorded depth, heading, temperature, pressure, battery status, and other data, and sent it to the support ship at three-minute intervals[19] via an underwater acoustic communication system developed by West Australian company L-3 Nautronix.[20][21]

The crucial structural elements, such as the backbone and pilot sphere that carried Cameron, were engineered by the Tasmanian company Finite Elements.[22] The design of the interior of the sphere, including fire proofing, condensation management and mounting of control assemblies was undertaken by Sydney-based industrial design consultancy Design + Industry.[23]

{{wide image|Deepsea Challenger Panorama.jpg|700px|align-cap=center|Panorama view of Deepsea Challenger. Left side is the top of the sub.|alt=Panorama view of Deepsea Challenger. Left side is the top of the sub.}}

Specifications

The submersible features a pilot sphere measuring {{convert|1.1|m|in}} in diameter, large enough for only one occupant.[24] The sphere, with steel walls {{convert|64|mm|abbr=on}} thick, was tested for its ability to withstand the required {{convert|114|MPa|psi|abbr=off|lk=on}} of pressure in a pressure chamber at Pennsylvania State University.[25] The sphere sits at the base of the {{convert|11.8|t|ST|adj=mid|lk=on}} vehicle. The vehicle operates in a vertical attitude, and carries {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of ballast weight that allows it to both sink to the bottom, and when released, rise to the surface. If the ballast weight release system fails, stranding the craft on the seafloor, a backup galvanic release is designed to corrode in salt water in a set period of time, allowing the sub to automatically surface.[26] Deepsea Challenger is less than one-tenth the weight of its predecessor of fifty years, the Bathyscaphe Trieste; the modern vehicle also carries dramatically more scientific equipment than Trieste, and is capable of more rapid ascent and descent.[27]

Dives

Early dives

In late January 2012, to test systems, Cameron spent three hours in the submersible while submerged just below the surface in Australia's Sydney Naval Yard.[28] On 21 February 2012, a test dive intended to reach a depth of over {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}} was aborted after only an hour because of problems with cameras and life support systems.[29] On 23 February 2012, just off New Britain Island, Cameron successfully took the submersible to the ocean floor at {{convert|991|m|ft|abbr=on}}, where it made a rendezvous with a yellow remote operated vehicle operated from a ship above.[30] On 28 February 2012, during a seven-hour dive, Cameron spent six hours in the submersible at a depth of {{convert|3700|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Power system fluctuations and unforeseen currents presented unexpected challenges.[31][32]

On 4 March 2012, a record-setting dive to more than {{convert|7260|m|ft|abbr=on}} stopped short of the bottom of the New Britain Trench when problems with the vertical thrusters led Cameron to return to the surface.[33] Days later, with the technical problem solved, Cameron successfully took the submersible to the bottom of the New Britain Trench, reaching a maximum depth of {{convert|8221|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[33] There, he found a wide plain of loose sediment, anemones, jellyfish and varying habitats where the plain met the walls of the canyon.[33]

Challenger Deep

On 18 March 2012, after leaving the testing area in the relatively calm Solomon Sea, the submersible was aboard the surface vessel Mermaid Sapphire, docked in Apra Harbor, Guam, undergoing repairs and upgrades, and waiting for a calm enough ocean to carry out the dive.[34][35] By 24 March 2012, having left port in Guam days earlier, the submersible was aboard one of two surface vessels that had departed the Ulithi atoll for the Challenger Deep.[36][37]

On 26 March 2012 it was reported that it had reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 500
| image1 = DeepSea Challenger descent graph-2.svg
| alt1 = Graph of the descent of DeepSea Challenger to Challenger Deep on 25 March 2012 UTC, based on Paul Allen tweets during the dive.
| caption1 =
| image2 = DeepSea Challenger ascent graph-2.svg
| alt2 = Graph of the ascent of the DeepSea Challenger from Challenger Deep on 26 March 2012 UTC, based on Paul Allen tweets during the dive.
| caption2 =
| footer = These two graphs show James Cameron's Deepsea Challenger{{'s}} descent and ascent during this record-setting dive – times are in UTC, so the dive started on 25 March and ended on 26 March when UTC times are used, but if Guam times are used the entire dive occurred on 26 March 2012. Both graphs are based on Paul Allen's tweets during the time when he was monitoring the progress of the dive from the underwater telephone on his yacht, Octopus.[38] There were not as many tweets coming up as there were going down, so there is not as much data for the ascent.
}}

Descent, from the beginning of the dive to arrival at the seafloor, took two hours and 37 minutes, almost twice as fast as the descent of Trieste.[39] A Rolex watch, "worn" on the sub's robotic arm, continued to function normally throughout the dive.[40][41] Not all systems functioned as planned on the record-breaking dive: bait-carrying landers were not dropped in advance of the dive because the sonar needed to find them on the ocean floor was not working, and hydraulic system problems hampered the use of sampling equipment.[39] Nevertheless, after roughly three hours on the seafloor and a successful ascent, further exploration of the Challenger Deep with the unique sub was planned for later in the Spring of 2012.[39]

Records

On 26 March 2012, Cameron reached the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the deepest part of the Mariana Trench. The maximum depth recorded during this record-setting dive was {{convert|10908|m|ft}}.[42] Measured by Cameron, at the moment of touchdown, the depth was {{convert|35756|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}.[43] It was the fourth-ever dive to the Challenger Deep and the second manned dive (with a maximum recorded depth slightly less than that of Trieste{{'s}} 1960 dive). It was the first solo dive and the first to spend a significant amount of time (three hours) exploring the bottom.[1]

Subsequent events

Deepsea Challenger was donated to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the studies of its technological solutions in order to incorporate some of those solutions into other vehicles to advance deep-sea research.[44] On 23 July 2015, it was transported from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to Baltimore to be shipped to Australia for a temporary loan. While on a flatbed truck on Interstate 95 in Connecticut, the truck caught fire, resulting in damage to the submersible. The likely cause of the fire was from the truck's brake failure which ignited its rear tires. Connecticut fire officials speculated that it was a total loss to the Deepsea Challenger; however, the actual extent of the damage was not reported. The submersible was transported back to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution after the fire.[45] As of February 2016, it had been moved to California for repairs.[46]

Similar efforts

{{Update|section|date=January 2019}}

As of February 2012, several other vehicles are under development to reach the same depths. The groups developing them include:

  • Triton Submarines, a Florida-based company that designs and manufactures private submarines, whose vehicle, Triton 36000/3, will carry a crew of three to the seabed in 120 minutes.[47]
  • Virgin Oceanic, sponsored by Richard Branson's Virgin Group, is developing a submersible designed by Graham Hawkes, DeepFlight Challenger,[48] with which the solo pilot will take 140 minutes to reach the seabed.[49]
  • DOER Marine,[50] a San Francisco Bay Area based marine technology company established in 1992, that is developing a vehicle, Deepsearch (and Ocean Explorer HOV Unlimited),[58] with some support from Google's Eric Schmidt with which a crew of two or three will take 90 minutes to reach the seabed, as the program Deep Search.[51]

See also

  • Challenger expedition
  • Deep-sea exploration
  • Timeline of diving technology

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Than |first=Ker |title=James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/ |date=25 March 2012 |publisher=National Geographic Society |accessdate=25 March 2012}}
2. ^{{cite news |last=Broad |first=William J. |title=Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/science/james-camerons-submarine-trip-to-challenger-deep.html |date=25 March 2012 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=25 March 2012 }}
3. ^{{cite news |agency=AP |title=James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46850002/ns/technology_and_science-science |date=25 March 2012 |work=MSNBC |accessdate=25 March 2012}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/3/9/2856838/james-cameron-deepsea-challenger-submarine-dive-world-record |title=James Cameron and his Deepsea Challenger submarine |publisher=theverge.com |first=Nathan |last=Ingraham |date=9 March 2012 |accessdate=10 March 2012}}
5. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17013038 |title=Race to the bottom of the ocean: Cameron |work=BBC |date=22 February 2012 |accessdate=10 March 2012}}
6. ^{{cite web |last=Allum |first=Ron |title=Ron Allum |url=http://www.ronallum.com |accessdate=23 July 2012}}
7. ^{{cite web |last=Allum |first=Ron |title=Isofloat |url=http://www.ronallum.com/products/isofloat/graphs/ |accessdate=23 July 2012}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.electronicproducts.com/Hollywood_director_James_Cameron_to_pilot_submarine_to_the_bottom_of_Mariana_Trench-article-fajb_cameron_deepsea_explorer_march2012-html.aspx |accessdate=9 April 2012 |title=Hollywood director James Cameron to pilot submarine to the bottom of Mariana Trench |first=Jeffrey |last=Bausch |date=12 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417162123/http://www2.electronicproducts.com:80/Hollywood_director_James_Cameron_to_pilot_submarine_to_the_bottom_of_Mariana_Trench-article-fajb_cameron_deepsea_explorer_march2012-html.aspx |archivedate=17 April 2012 |df=mdy }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://ronallum.com/products/pbof-electronics/thruster-with-integral-driver/|title=Thruster with integral PBOF driver|accessdate=23 July 2012}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://deepseachallenge.com/the-team/ron-allum/|title=Ron Allum|work=Deepsea Challenge: National Geographic|accessdate=24 July 2012}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/578374/Ron-Allum/filmography|title=Ron Allum Filmography|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=8 May 2012}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://ronallum.com/products/pbof-electronics/lipo-cell-packs/|title=Lithium polymer (LIPO) cell packs|accessdate=8 July 2012}}
13. ^https://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=456598
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/the-sub/systems-technology |title=Systems Technology |accessdate=8 May 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pe.com/business/business-headlines/20120511-industry-temecula-firm-gets-role-in-james-cameron-project.ece|title=Temecula Firm Gets Role in James Cameron Project|newspaper=The Press-Enterprise|date=11 May 2012|first=Tiffany|last=Ray|accessdate=17 May 2012}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nctimes.com/business/filmmaker-james-cameron-pilots-to-bottom-of-mariana-trench-thanks/article_d055fcc5-08e9-5ab4-95fa-ae4e294b19c1.html|title=Filmmaker James Cameron pilots to bottom of Mariana Trench, thanks to Temecula's Opto 22|newspaper=North County Times|date=9 April 2012|first=Pat|last=Maio|accessdate=8 May 2012}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.opto22.com/lp/deepsea_challenger.aspx |title= Performance Under Pressure – Off-the-shelf SNAP PAC System controls DEEPSEA CHALLENGER for James Cameron's historic dive |publisher=Opto 22 |accessdate=8 May 2012 }}
18. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.opto22.com/documents/2005a_Press_Release_Opto22_DeepSeaChallenge_wire.pdf|title=James Cameron's Historic Return to Mariana Trench Relies on Latest Advances in Engineering and Technology|publisher=Opto 22|date=3 April 2012|format=pdf|accessdate=8 May 2012}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/expedition-journal/weve-got-a-deep-diving-sub |title=We've Got a Deep-Diving Sub |accessdate=8 May 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
20. ^{{cite news|last1=Burke|first1=Louise|title=WA engineers hear voice from the deep|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/latest/a/13427068/wa-engineers-hear-voice-from-the-deep/|accessdate=25 June 2014|publisher=The West Australian|date=16 April 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web|last1=Roberts|first1=Paul|title=Voices from the deep – Acoustic communication with a submarine at the bottom of the Mariana Trench|url=http://www.acoustics.asn.au/conference_proceedings/AAS2012/papers/p107.pdf|publisher=Australian Acoustical Society|accessdate=25 June 2014}}
22. ^{{cite news |title=Tassie engineer elated by Cameron's dive |author=David Beniuk |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/tassie-engineer-elated-by-camerons-dive-20120327-1vwaj.html |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2012}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.design-industry.com.au/2012-portfolio/rugged-deepsea-challenger-pilot-sphere|title=Deepsea Challenger Pilot Sphere|publisher=Design and Industry|accessdate=1 December 2012}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/the-sub/sub-facts/ |title=Sub Facts |accessdate=10 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/the-sub/pilot-sphere/ |title=Pilot Sphere |accessdate=10 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/the-sub/systems-technology/ | title=Systems & Technology | accessdate=10 March 2012 | work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/the-sub/then-and-now/ |title=Then and now |accessdate=10 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/expedition-journal/first-dive-in-sydney-naval-yard/ |title=Jim Takes First Piloted Dive |date=31 January 2012 |accessdate=10 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/expedition-journal/camera-hell/ |title=Camera Hell |date=22 February 2012 |accessdate=10 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/expedition-journal/weve-got-a-deep-diving-sub/ |title=We've Got a Deep-Diving Sub |date=23 February 2012 |accessdate=10 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/expedition-journal/post-dive-truths-revealed/ |title=Postdive Truths Revealed |date=29 February 2012 |accessdate=10 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/expedition-journal/a-critical-step/ |title=A Critical Step |date=28 February 2012 |accessdate=10 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
33. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Cameron |first=James|title=You'd have loved it|url=http://deepseachallenge.com/latest-news/cameron-to-walsh-on-record-8k-dive-youd-have-loved-it/|date=8 March 2012 |publisher=National Geographic Society|accessdate=26 March 2012 }}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/expedition-journal/ocean-swells/ |title=Ocean Swells |date=10 March 2012 |accessdate=13 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/expedition-journal/a-hive-of-work |title=A Hive of Work |date=18 March 2012 |accessdate=21 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/latest-news/mariana-trench-mission-this-weekend/ |title=Mariana Trench Mission This Weekend? |date=24 March 2012 |accessdate=24 March 2012 |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic)}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/technology/Cameron+heads+ocean+floor/6339437/story.html |title=Cameron heads to ocean floor |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=21 March 2012 |accessdate=23 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324202336/http://www.ottawacitizen.com:80/technology/Cameron+heads+ocean+floor/6339437/story.html |archivedate=24 March 2012 |df=mdy }}
38. ^{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Paul G |title=Paul Allen Tweets from Challenger Deep |url=https://twitter.com/PaulGAllen/ |date=27 March 2012 |publisher=twitter.com |accessdate=27 March 2012 }}
39. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2012/03/26/titanic-director-cameron-completes-journey-earth-deepest-point/OiTQKefLYU4Yfjkxm08KGP/story.html |title=Director James Cameron tours earth’s deepest point |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=29 March 2012 |work=The Boston Globe |author=William J. Broad}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://deepseachallenge.com/the-expedition/rolex-deepsea-history/ |title=Rolex Deep-sea History |accessdate=1 April 2012 |work=deepseachallenge.com}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rolex.com/en#/world-of-rolex/sports-and-culture/exploration/james-cameron-about-the-rolex-deepsea-challenge |title=About the Rolex Deepsea Challenge |accessdate=1 April 2012 |work=rolex.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403220102/http://www.rolex.com/en |archivedate=3 April 2012 |df=mdy }}
42. ^{{cite web |title=DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Facts at a Glance |url=http://deepseachallenge.com |work=Deepsea Challenge (National Geographic) |accessdate=29 June 2014 }}
43. ^Deepsea Challenge 3D (2014)
44. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.whoi.edu/news-release/deepsea_challenger|title= James Cameron Partners With WHOI|author= |date= 26 March 2013|work= |publisher= National Geographic|accessdate=27 March 2013}}
45. ^{{cite news|title=Historic Submarine Used by James Cameron Likely Destroyed in Fire: Officials|url=http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/Deepsea-Challenger-Sub-Involved-in-Truck-Fire-318309791.html|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=NBC Connecticut|date=23 July 2015}}
46. ^{{cite news|title=Deepsea Challenger moves to California for repairs|last=Driscoll|first=Sean F.|newspaper=Cape Cod Times|url=http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20160216/NEWS/160219604|date=16 February 2016|accessdate=2017-05-31}}
47. ^{{cite web |url=http://tritonsubs.com/submersibles/triton-360003/ |title= Triton 36,000 Full Ocean Depth Submersible |publisher=Triton Submarines |accessdate=25 March 2012 }}
48. ^Virgin Oceanic, Operations Team (accessed 25 March 2012)
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.virginoceanic.com |title=Virgin Oceanic |publisher=Virgin Oceanic |accessdate=1 March 2012}}
50. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.doermarine.com/?page_id=238|publisher=DOER Marine |accessdate=27 March 2012 |title=About DOER Marine}}
51. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.doermarine.com/?page_id=704 |title=Deep Search |publisher=DOER Marine |accessdate=25 March 2012 }}

External links

{{commons category|Deepsea Challenger}}
  • {{official website}}
  • Article on usage of Computational Fluid Dynamics during the design process of the Deepsea Challenger
  • NGS video: Cameron's return from Challenger Deep
  • {{IMDb title|2332883|Deepsea Challenge 3D}}, a 2014 National Geographic Channel documentary.
{{James Cameron}}{{extreme motion}}{{authority control}}

6 : 2012 in science|James Cameron|Oceanographic expeditions|Deep-submergence vehicles|Research submarines|2012 ships
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