1. Arrest and imprisonment

2. Writing and release

3. Against All Hope and ambassadorship

4. Other activities

5. Books

6. References

7. External links

Armando Valladares Perez (born May 30, 1937) is a Cuban poet, diplomat, and human rights activist. In 1960, he was arrested by the Cuban government for conflicting reasons; the Cuban government alleged that he had been complicit in anti-Castro terrorism,^[1] while foreign sources regarded his arrest as being due to his protesting communism,^[2] leading Amnesty International to name him a prisoner of conscience.^[3] Following his release in 1982, he wrote a book detailing his imprisonment and torture at the hands of the Cuban government, and was appointed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to serve as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.

Arrest and imprisonment

Valladares is from Pinar del Rio, Cuba.^[4] By his own account, he was initially a supporter of Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, later becoming an employee of the Office of the Ministry of Communications for the Revolutionary Government, for which he worked at a post office.^[4][5]

In 1960, at the age of 23, he reportedly refused to put an "I'm with Fidel" sign on his desk at work.^[5] Shortly after, he was arrested by political police at his parents' home.^[6] He was subsequently given a thirty-year prison sentence.^[4] The Cuban government stated that his arrest was on charges of terrorism, and that he had previously worked for the secret police of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship.^[7] The international human rights organizations Oslo Freedom Forum, PEN International, and Amnesty International, in contrast, stated their belief that Valladares had been imprisoned solely for his anti-Castro stance, and the latter organization named him a prisoner of conscience.^[3][5][8]

Valladares states that he was offered "political rehabilitation" early in his prison term, but refused. According to Valladares, this led to his being abused and tortured by his guards, including being forced to eat other people's excrement^[6] and imprisonment in cramped "drawer cells" in which multiple prisoners were confined in a space too small to lie down, without being allowed toilet access.^[2]

Describing his incarceration later, Valladares wrote:

For me, it meant 8,000 days of hunger, of systematic beatings, of hard labor, of solitary confinement and solitude, 8,000 days of struggling to prove that I was a human being, 8,000 days of proving that my spirit could triumph over exhaustion and pain, 8,000 days of testing my religious convictions, my faith, of fighting the hate my atheist jailers were trying to instill in me with each bayonet thrust, fighting so that hate would not flourish in my heart, 8,000 days of struggling so that I would not become like them.^[6]

Describing his thoughts on Che Guevara later, Valladares stated:

He was a man full of hatred ... Che Guevara executed dozens and dozens of people who never once stood trial and were never declared guilty … In his own words, he said the following: "At the smallest of doubt we must execute." And that's what he did at the Sierra Maestra and the prison of Las Cabanas.^[6]

However, the Cuban government contested Valladares claims. According to Castro, "Only a few hundred political prisoners were held captive" as of 1960. When Valladares was "liberated" by the French, the Cuban government provided Valladares' identification card from the Batista Police force and video of a healthy Valladares walking out of the prison as evidence that Valladares' claims are disingenuous. ^[9] In 1987, Reagan drafted a UN resolution accusing Cuba of human rights abuses based on Valladares claims of "140,000 political prisoners being tortured and executed in Cuban prisons and concentration camps." The Human Rights Council went to Cuba to investigate these claims, but the organization found no evidence to substantiate Valladares accusations.^[10]

Writing and release

During his time in prison, Valladares went on multiple hunger strikes. The longest, a 49-day hunger strike in 1974, left him using a wheelchair several years^[11] with an attack of polyneuritis.^[12] Valladares subsequently appealed to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States, stating that he was being denied important medical care, including a functioning wheelchair.^[12] The IACHR found that Cuba had violated a number of Valladares's rights, including the right to a fair trial, the right to protection against arbitrary arrest and the right to humane treatment during the time the individual is in custody, and the right to due process and protection from cruel, infamous, or unusual punishment.^[12]

Believing that "poetry is a weapon," Valladares also began smuggling his poems out of jail, which brought him a measure of international attention.^[8] His first published collection, From My Wheelchair, detailed prison abuses and was released in 1974. After the book's publication, PEN France awarded him its Freedom Prize.^[11] Let it be known though that the United States embargo against Cuba limited the amount of medical supplies entering Cuba and thus greatly affected the nations ability to provide wheelchairs and other medical necessities to the public. ^[13]

In 1981, Valladares's wife Marta – who had met and married him while he was imprisoned – traveled to Europe to meet with government officials regarding her husband's case, and in 1982, 83 U.S. Congressmen joined a call for Valladares's release.^[11] Valladares was released that year after 22 years' imprisonment after a direct appeal by French President François Mitterrand.^[8]

The Cuban government has made unconfirmed, unsubstantiated claims that Valladares was a CIA agent prior to his arrest and after his release from prison.^[1]

Against All Hope and ambassadorship

After his release, Valladares resettled in the U.S. In 1986, Alfred A. Knopf released Valladares's memoir Against All Hope, in which he detailed his prison experiences. One year later, U.S. President Ronald Reagan appointed Valladares to serve as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. The move was widely seen as an attempt to dramatize and draw new attention to Cuban human rights abuses.^[7] The Cuban government reacted by calling Valladares a "traitor and a fake,"^[14] including stating that he had faked his paralysis while imprisoned. The U.S. State Department responded by accusing Cuba of "mounting a massive defamation campaign against Armando Valladares" to deflect attention from its human rights record.^[8] In 1985, he signs a petition in support for the far-right paramilitary Contras (Nicaragua).^[15]

Valladares served as the ambassador from 1988 to 1990.^[16][17] He vigorously argued for UN attention to Cuban human rights abuses during his tenure, leading Human Rights Watch to criticize him for appearing to have "little interest in pursuing other violators, particularly of the non-Communist sort," such as US allies Iraq or Guatemala.^[18]

Other activities

Valladares is a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.^[19]

Books

• Desde mi Silla de Ruedas (1976)
• El Corazon Con Que Vivo (1980) - a book of poetry in Spanish, published by Ediciones Universal ({{ISBN|0-89729-245-6}})
• Cavernas del Silencio (1983)
• Against All Hope: A Memoir of Life in Castro's Gulag (1985) - an autobiographical work, published by Encounter Books ({{ISBN|1-893554-19-8}})
• El Alma de un Poeta (1988)

References

External links

• Armando Valladares Freedom Collection interview

• Liberec Town Hall
• Liberec University of Technology
• Liber Formularum
• Liber fundationis
• Liber Gestorum Recentium
• Liber glossarum
• Liber Graduum
• Liber historiae Francorum
• Liberi
• Liberia at the 1956 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the 1960 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the 1964 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the 1972 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the 1980 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the 1984 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the 1988 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the 1996 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the 2000 Summer Olympics
• Liberia at the Olympics
• Liberia (canton)
• Liberia College
• Liberia Education and Development Party
• Liberia Equal Rights Party
• Liberia, Guanacaste
• Liberia Kpelle