| 词条 | Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta |
| 释义 |
| name = Prince Aimone | title = Duke of Aosta; Duke of Spoleto; King of Croatia | image = Prince Aimone of Savoy - restored.jpg | image_size = 222px | succession = King of Croatia | reign = 18 May 1941 – 31 July 1943 | reign-type = Nominal reign | reg-type = {{nowrap|Prime Minister}} | regent = Ante Pavelić | birth_date = {{birth date|1900|3|9|df=y}} | birth_place = Turin, Kingdom of Italy | death_date = {{death date and age|1948|1|29|1900|3|9|df=y}} | death_place = Buenos Aires, Argentina | burial_date = 31 January 1948 | burial_place = Basilica of Superga[1] | spouse = Irene of Greece and Denmark | issue = Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta | full name = {{lang-it|Aimone Roberto Margherita Maria Giuseppe Torino of Savoy-Aosta}} | house = Savoy-Aosta | father = Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta | mother = Hélène of Orléans | religion = Roman Catholicism }}{{House of Savoy}} Prince Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta (Aimone Roberto Margherita Maria Giuseppe Torino; 9 March 1900 – 29 January 1948) was a prince of Italy's reigning House of Savoy and an officer of the Royal Italian Navy. The second son of Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta he was granted the title Duke of Spoleto on 22 September 1904. He inherited the title Duke of Aosta on 3 March 1942 following the death of his brother Prince Amedeo, in a British prisoner of war camp in Nairobi. From 18 May 1941 to 31 July 1943 he was designated king of the Independent State of Croatia ({{lang-hr|Nezavisna Država Hrvatska}}, NDH) though he never ruled there.[2] He formally accepted the position and took the name Tomislav II ({{IPA-sh|tǒmislaʋ drûɡiː|hr}}), after the first Croatian king.[3][4] Later however he refused to assume the kingship in protest at the Italian annexation of the Dalmatia region,[5] and is therefore referred to in some sources as king designate.[6][7][8][9] Regardless, many sources refer to him as Tomislav II King of Croatia and the nominal head of the NDH during its first two years (1941–1943).[10][11][12][13][14] After the dismissal of Mussolini on 25 July 1943, the prince abdicated on 31 July as king on the orders of Victor Emmanuel III. Early lifePrince Aimone Roberto Margherita Maria Giuseppe Torino of Savoy-Aosta was born in Turin the second son of Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (eldest son of Prince Amedeo, 1st Duke of Aosta (and sometime "King Amadeo I of Spain") by his wife, née Vittoria dal Pozzo, Principessa della Cisterna) and Princess Hélène of Orléans (daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans). As his patrilinal great-grandfather was King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, he was a member of the House of Savoy. On 22 September 1904, he was given the title Duke of Spoleto for life.[15] With his brother Amedeo, he was educated at St David's College, Reigate, Surrey, England, and Aimone later went to study at the naval academy in Livorno.[16] On 1 April 1921, Prince Aimone became a member of the Italian Senate. Princes of the House of Savoy became members of the Senate at age 21, obtaining the right to vote at age 25.[17] In 1929, twenty years after his uncle Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi had attempted to climb K2 in Karakoram, Prince Aimone led an expedition to Karakorum. A member of the expedition was Ardito Desio. Due to the failure to climb K2 twenty years earlier, Prince Aimone's expedition concentrated solely on scientific work.[18][19] He was afterwards awarded the 1932 Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Gold Medal for his work.[20] After being romantically linked with Infanta Beatriz of Spain the daughter of King Alfonso XIII,[21] he married, on 1 July 1939 in Florence, Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark the daughter of King Constantine I and Princess Sophie of Prussia. They had one son Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (b. 1943). War yearsCroatian throneOn 18 May 1941, in a ceremony at the Quirinal Palace, to which Ante Pavelić, the leader of the fascist Ustaše movement that had assumed power in Croatia in April 1941 after the invasion of Yugoslavia, led a delegation of Croats requesting that Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III name a member of the House of Savoy as King of Croatia. The Independent State of Croatia was a fascist puppet state that was partly under Italian and German control, covering most of present-day states of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but its leaders tried to assert their legitimacy by instating a monarchy that would resemble the medieval Croatian state. Aimone was then officially named King by his cousin Victor Emmanuel III.[22] On assuming the Crown of Zvonimir he took the regnal name Tomislav II in memory of Tomislav, the first Croatian king.[23] Originally on learning that he had been named King of Croatia he told close colleagues that he thought his nomination was a bad joke by his cousin King Victor Emmanuel III, though he accepted the crown out of a sense of duty.[24] The Italian Foreign Minister and Benito Mussolini's son in law Count Ciano's informants said of Aimone "The Duke doesn't give a damn about Croatia and wants only money, money and more money."[25] Ciano's diary noted a conversation between Aimone and himself, where Aimone was "proud of having been chosen King of Croatia, but has no exact idea of what he is supposed to do and is vaguely uneasy about it".[25] He was due to be crowned in Duvno (Tomislavgrad), in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, but he refused to go to Croatia due to the "Dalmatian question" which arose due to Italy taking some of Dalmatia's coastal territory. Aimone felt that Dalmatia "was a land that could never be Italianized" and was an obstacle to Italian-Croatian reconciliation.[26] Other reasons why he never went to Croatia were because of an ongoing insurgency, and that his safety could not be guaranteed.[27] Because of this he exercised what little power he had from Italy and Hungary,[29] however he never held any real authority throughout his reign as the Ustaše government had deprived the monarchy of most powers and reduced the status of the king to that of a figurehead.[24] In spite of this he did have some symbolic powers such as the ability to grant noble titles.[28] Count Gyula István Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek was the counselor to the King for Croatian affairs. Prince Aimone also established a Croatian office in Rome where he received confidential reports, official documents, and military, political and economic information from Croatia.[29] After the dismissal of Mussolini, Aimone abdicated as king of Croatia on 31 July 1943 on the orders of Victor Emmanuel III.[30][31][32][33] Prince Aimone succeeded to the title Duke of Aosta on 3 March 1942, following the death of his elder brother Prince Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta, in a British Prisoner of War camp in Kenya. In the Autumn of 1942, Aimone contacted Allied forces via his courier, the consul general Alessandro Marieni, about the possibility of a peace settlement between Italy and allied forces.[34] Secret talks would continue into 1943, motivated in part by the aim of preserving the royal dynasty of Savoy.[34] AftermathIn the latter months of World War II, he became the commander of the Italian Naval Base of Taranto but he was dismissed from his post for his criticism of the judges that had found General Mario Roatta guilty of war crimes.[35] During his naval career he reached the rank of Squadron Admiral. DeathIn 1947 following the birth of the Italian Republic the previous year, Prince Aimone left Italy for South America.[36] Just a year after his arrival, he suddenly died on 29 January 1948 in his temporary residence a private suite at the Alvear Palace Hotel in the French Borough of Recoleta in Buenos Aires, while his entourage was arranging his permanent residency documents and the purchase of his new home in Argentina.[37] His son Prince Amedeo succeeded him as Duke of Aosta. Titles, styles, honours, and arms
HonoursNational honours
Foreign honours
Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta |2= 2. Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta |3= 3. Princess Hélène of Orléans |4= 4. Amadeo I of Spain |5= 5. Donna Maria-Vittoria dal Pozzo, Principessa della Cisterna |6= 6. Prince Philippe, Count of Paris |7= 7. Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans |8= 8. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy |9= 9. Maria Adelaide of Austria |10= 10. Don Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Principe della Cisterna |11= 11. Countess Louise de Merode |12= 12. Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans |13= 13. Duchess Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |14= 14. Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier |15= 15. Infanta Luisa Fernanda de Orléans y Borbón |16= 16. King Charles Albert of Sardinia |17= 17. Maria Theresa of Tuscany |18= 18. Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria |19= 19. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy-Carignan |20= 20. Giuseppe Alfonso dal Pozzo, 4th Prince della Cisterna |21= 21. Maria Anna Carlotta Balbo Bertone |22= 22. Count Werner de Merode |23= 23. Countess Victoire de Spangen d'Uyternesse |24= 24. Louis-Philippe I, King of the French |25= 25. Maria Amalia of Naples |26= 26. Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |27= 27. Princess Karoline Luise of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach |28= 28. Louis-Philippe I, King of the French = 24 |29= 29. Maria Amalia of Naples = 25 |30= 30. Ferdinand VII of Spain |31= 31. Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies }} References
1. ^Royalty Guide: Savoy-Aosta 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Lemkin|first1=Raphael|title=Independent State of Croatia|date=2008|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd|pages=252–56|accessdate=15 July 2015}} 3. ^dr. Marijan Rogić, Pod Zvonimirovom krunom (Under the crown of Zvonimir) Munchen 2008. 4. ^Hrvoje Matković, Designirani hrvatski kralj Tomislav II. vojvoda od Spoleta. Povijest hrvatskotalijanskih odnosa u prvoj polovici XX.st. (Designated Croatian king Tomislav II, Duke of Spoleto. History of Croatian-Italian relationships in first half of the 20th century), Zagreb 2007. 5. ^Rodogno, Davide; Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War; p.95; Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84515-7}} "Devoid of political experience and ignorant of the Italian government's exact intentions, he [the Duke Aimone] refused to leave for Croatia, saying so in letters to Victor Emmanuel and Mussolini, in which he told them that the question of Dalmatia, 'a land that could never be Italianized', was an obstacle against any reconciliation with the Croats. Never, he declared, would he agree to be a king of a nation amputated from Italy." [https://books.google.it/books?id=ZcUNELPsQQsC&pg=PT150&dq=rodogno+aimone#v=onepage&q=&f=false]. 6. ^Pavlowitch, Stevan K.; Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia; p.289; Columbia University Press, 2008 0-231-70050-4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC&pg=PA289&dq=aimone+croatia+king-designate#v=onepage&q=aimone%20croatia%20king-designate&f=false] 7. ^Massock, Richard G.; Italy from Within; p.306; READ BOOKS, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4067-2097-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=bxqHSvEfd_QC&pg=RA1-PA308&dq=aimone+croatia+king-designate#v=onepage&q=&f=false] 8. ^Burgwyn, H. James; Empire on the Adriatic: Mussolini's conquest of Yugoslavia 1941-1943; p.39; Enigma, 2005 {{ISBN|1-929631-35-9}} 9. ^Royal Institute of International Affairs; Enemy Countries, Axis-Controlled Europe; Kraus International Publications, 1945 {{ISBN|3-601-00016-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=FTIrAAAAMAAJ&q=aimone+croatia+king-designate&dq=aimone+croatia+king-designate] 10. ^{{cite book |last1=Rezun |first1=Miron |title=Europe and war in the Balkans: toward a new Yugoslav identity |date= 30 May 1995 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=027595238X |page=62 |quote=The duke agreed to accept the throne and became King Tomislav II of Croatia}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Francine |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina: a polity on the brink | date=22 January 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415274354 |page=130 |quote=...nominally Croatia was ruled by the Italian Duke of Spoleto styled as King Tomislav II...}} 12. ^{{cite book |last1=Dedijer |first1=Vladimir |title=History of Yugoslavia | year=1979 |page=573 |quote=...The new king was given the title of Tomislav II...}} 13. ^{{cite book |last1=Romano |first1=Sergio |title=An outline of European history from 1789 to 1989 | date= 1 March 1999 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=1571810765 |page=130 |quote=...the Duke of Spoleto, became king, with the name of Tomislav II...}} 14. ^{{cite book |last1=Salmaggi |first1=Cesare |last2=Pallavisini |first2=Alfredo |title=2194 days of war | date=1 May 1984 |publisher=E Mayflower Books |isbn=0831789417 |page=149 |quote=...Croatia is constituted an independent nation under Tomislav II...}} 15. ^The Peerage 16. ^ Hanson, The Wandering Princess, 161, 187. The English school is usually mis-identified as St Andrew's College. 17. ^{{cite news |title=Prince is Italian Senator |newspaper=New York Times |date=2 April 1921 |page=10 }} 18. ^K2 - The Savage Mountain {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628164920/http://www.jerberyd.com/climbing/stories/k2/ |date=2007-06-28 }} 19. ^K2 2004 - 50 years later {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192735/http://www.k2climb.net/story/stories/K22004-50yarslatrApr182004.shtml |date=2007-09-27 }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf| title=List of Past Gold Medal Winners|publisher= Royal Geographical Society|accessdate = 24 August 2015}} 21. ^{{Cite news| title =Milestones| newspaper =Time Magazine| date =April 21, 1930| url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,739128,00.html}} 22. ^{{cite book| last =Packard| first =Reynolds| title =Balcony Empire: Fascist Italy at War| publisher =Kessinger Publishing| year =2005| page =190| isbn =1417985283 }} 23. ^Worldstatesmen 24. ^1 {{cite book| last =Petacco| first =Arrigo| title =A Tragedy Revealed: The Story of the Italian Population of Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia| publisher =University of Toronto Press| year =2005| pages =26, 27| isbn =0802039219 }} 25. ^{{cite book | last = Ciano | first = Galeazzo | title = Ciano's diary, 1939-1943 | year = 1947 | page = 343 }} 26. ^{{cite book| last =Rodogno| first =Davide| title =Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War| publisher =Cambridge University Press| year =2006| location =| page =95| isbn =0521845157 }} 27. ^1 {{cite book | last = Tomasevich | first = Jozo | title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration | publisher = Stanford University Press | year = 2001 | page = 138 | isbn = 0804736154 }} 28. ^Balkan royalty 29. ^{{cite book | last = Avramov | first = Smilja | title = Genocide in Yugoslavia | year = 1995 | page = 238 }} 30. ^1 {{cite news |title = Duke gives up puppet throne|newspaper = St. Petersburg Times|date = 21 August 1943|page = 10}} 31. ^{{cite book |last1= Lemkin |first1= Raphael |last2=Power |first2= Samantha |title= Axis Rule In Occupied Europe: Laws Of Occupation, Analysis Of Government, Proposals For Redress |year=2005 |publisher=Lawbook Exchange |isbn=1584775769 |page=253 }} 32. ^{{cite news |title=Foreign News: Hotel Balkania |newspaper=Time Magazine |date=9 August 1943 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766956,00.html |accessdate=4 December 2009 }} 33. ^B. Krizman, NDH između Hitlera i Mussolinija (Independent State of Croatia between Hitler and Mussolini,)p.102 34. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Corvaja|first1=Santi|last2=Miller|first2=Robert|title=Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings|date=2013|publisher=Enigma Books|page=259}} 35. ^{{Cite news| title =A Duke Departs| newspaper =Time Magazine| date =April 23, 1945| url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855148,00.html}} 36. ^{{Cite news| title = Obituaries| newspaper =Keesing's Record of World Events | date =April 1948| page =9212 }} 37. ^{{Cite news| title =Death of Duke of Aosta| newspaper =Canberra Times | date =31 January 1948| page =1 }} 38. ^Enache, Nicolas. La Descendance de Marie-Therese de Habsburg. ICC, Paris, 1996. pp. 206, 214. French. 39. ^https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/a0/a1/42/a0a1423a56658af9bf2cd9906c1887fa.jpg 40. ^1 2 vivailre.it, Aimone wearing the Greek Italian and Romanian orders 41. ^Live Journal External links{{Commonscat-inline|Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta}}
|author= |title=Crown of Zvonimir |date=1941-05-26 |work=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765632,00.html |accessdate=2008-08-14 }}{{s-start}}{{s-hou|House of Savoy|9 March|1900|29 January|1948}}{{s-reg|it}}{{s-break}}{{s-bef|before=Amedeo}}{{s-ttl|title=Duke of Aosta|years=1942–1948}}{{s-aft|after=Amedeo}}{{s-break}}{{s-reg}}{{s-break}}{{s-vac|last=Charles IV|as=undisputed king}}{{s-dis|title=King of Croatia|years=1941–1943}}{{s-vac}}{{s-end}}{{Dukes of Aosta}}{{Croatian kings}}{{Princes of Savoy}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Aimone, 4th Duke Of Aosta}} 21 : House of Savoy|Dukes of Spoleto|Dukes of Aosta|People from Turin|1900 births|1948 deaths|Princes of Savoy|Italian princes|Italian nobility|Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor|Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor|Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Civil Order of Savoy|Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy|Italian admirals|Independent State of Croatia|Burials at the Basilica of Superga|Princes della Cisterna|Recipients of the War Cross for Military Valor|Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi|Italian military personnel of World War II |
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