“Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|VA|GCVOf|GBEf}} (Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline; 25 February 1883 – 3 January 1981) was a member of the British royal family. She is the longest-lived princess of royal blood of the British royal family, and was the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria. She also held the titles of Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duchess in Saxony from birth, as well as a Princess of Teck by marriage, until 1917 when the British Royal Family ceased usage of German titles.

Early life

Princess Alice was born 25 February 1883 at Windsor Castle. Her father was Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, the youngest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her mother was Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont.^[1] She had one brother, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany (1884–1954) and later reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1900–1918). As the granddaughter of the Sovereign through the male line, she was a Princess of the United Kingdom and a Royal Highness.^[2] As the daughter of the Duke of Albany, she was styled Her Royal Highness Princess Alice of Albany.

She was baptised in the Private Chapel of Windsor Castle on 26 March 1883, and named Alice for her late paternal aunt. Her godparents were: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (her paternal grandmother); the German Empress (for whom Alice's paternal aunt Princess Beatrice stood proxy); William III, King of the Netherlands (her mother's brother-in-law, for whom the Dutch Ambassador Count van Bylandt stood proxy); Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse (her paternal aunt's widower, whose brother-in-law the Duke of Edinburgh represented him); the Princess of Waldeck-Pyrmont (her maternal grandmother); the Prince of Wales (her paternal uncle); the German Crown Princess (her paternal aunt, whose sister-in-law the Princess of Wales represented her); Prince Wilhelm of Württemberg (her mother's brother-in-law, for whom his cousin the Duke of Teck stood proxy); the Hereditary Princess of Bentheim and Steinfurt (her maternal aunt, for whom her paternal aunt Princess Christian stood proxy); and the Duchess of Cambridge (her grandmother's aunt, whose daughter the Duchess of Teck represented her).^[3] She was confirmed at the Royal Memorial Church of St George, Cannes, in 1898 with Queen Victoria present.^[4]

Princess Alice was one of the carriers of the gene for haemophilia which originated with Queen Victoria. Princess Alice inherited the gene from her father, who died from the disease when she was a year old.^[5]

Marriage and issue

On 10 February 1904, at St George's Chapel, Windsor, Princess Alice of Albany married her second cousin once-removed, Prince Alexander of Teck, the brother of Princess Mary, the Princess of Wales (later Queen Mary, consort of George V).^[6]^[1] After their marriage, Princess Alice was styled Princess Alexander of Teck.

Following the Earl's retirement from military service after World War I, the Athlones used for their London residence the grace and favour apartments of the late Duchess of Albany (1861–1922), Princess Alice's mother, in the Clock House at Kensington Palace;^[1] in 1923, they also acquired a country house, Brantridge Park in West Sussex.^[7]

Princess Alice was godmother to Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, who is the granddaughter of her first cousin on her mother's side, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.^[8]

Change of titles

When the British Royal Family abandoned all Germanic titles in 1917, Prince Alexander of Teck adopted the surname Cambridge, became (briefly) Sir Alexander Cambridge, then the Earl of Athlone, relinquishing the title "Prince of Teck" in the Kingdom of Württemberg and the style Serene Highness.^[9]^[10] As such, the two surviving children lost their Württemberg princely titles. Princess Alice relinquished her titles of Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duchess of Saxony, while her brother Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who held a commission in the German Army, was stripped of his British titles.^[11] Alice remained, however, a Princess of Great Britain and Ireland and a Royal Highness in her own right, as granddaughter of Queen Victoria in the male line.

South Africa

The Earl was appointed Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and served from 1924 to 1931.^[12] Princess Alice accompanied him and was the Vicereine during that period. Lord Athlone and Princess Alice had a coastal beach house constructed at Muizenberg, which still stands today and is one of South Africa's national monuments.^[13] The Cape Town suburb of Athlone was named in honour of the Governor-General and, apart from the beach house and the preserved Class GL Garratt steam locomotive Princess Alice in the Outeniqua Transport Museum, are the only physical reminders of the Athlones' residence at the Cape.

World War II and Canada

On the sudden death of the popular John Buchan in 1940 Canada found itself without a Governor General in time of war. Despite the longstanding intention of Canadian governments to indigenise the office and appoint Canadian nationals as governors general — Australia had already done so with the appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs as its governor general in 1931 — wartime seemed an unpropitious time for constitutional tinkering; the Royal Family had garnered vast public support during the Royal Tour of 1939; as Queen Mary's brother and a former governor general of another of His Majesty's Dominions, Lord Athlone seemed a satisfactory candidate, and the Prime Minister (W.L. Mackenzie King) advised the King to appoint him.

Princess Alice accompanied her husband to Canada where he served as Governor General from 1940 to 1946, residing primarily at Rideau Hall in Ottawa. Their three grandchildren, Anne, Richard, and Elizabeth, lived with them in Canada for the duration of the war.^[14]

Upon taking up his post, The Earl immediately made himself active in the support of the war effort, travelling across the country and focusing much of his attention on the troops, either those training at military facilities or those injured and in hospital. Viewing his position as governor general as a link between Canadians and their monarch, Athlone also communicated in speeches that the King stood with them in their fight against Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime.^[15]

As vicereine of Canada, Princess Alice also supported the war effort by serving as Honorary Commandant of the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service, Honorary Air Commandant of the Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division and president of the nursing division of the St. John Ambulance Brigade.^[16]

In 1944, the Princess Alice Barracks Cabin at Britannia Bay provided a summer retreat for Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division personnel based in Ottawa. The cabin was located near the Britannia Boating Club's facilities for tennis, dancing and boating. Rented from the King's Daughter's Guild of Ottawa, the cabin featured 60 beds, a separate cookhouse and dining pavilion. The cabin, which had served previously as a Fresh Air Cottage for mothers and undernourished children, was rented from the King's Daughter's Guild of Ottawa.^[17]

The war was brought close to home for the Athlones also because many of those belonging to displaced European royal families sought refuge in Canada and resided at or near the royal and viceroyal residence, Rideau Hall. Among the royal guests were Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway; Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix of Luxembourg; King Peter of Yugoslavia; King George of Greece; Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Austria) and her daughters; as well as Queen Wilhelmina and her daughter, Princess Juliana.^[18] Further, in December 1941, British prime minister Winston Churchill arrived at Rideau Hall, where he presided over British Cabinet meetings via telephone from his bed.^[19]

The viceregal couple also played host at Quebec City to prime minister Mackenzie King, as well as Churchill and United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt, who all gathered to take part in what would become known as the Quebec Conferences, with the first taking place between 17 and 24 August 1943 at the viceregal residence in La Citadelle, and the second occurring from 12 to 16 September 1944 at the Château Frontenac. Photos of the Earl with Roosevelt, Churchill and Mackenzie King on the ramparts of the Citadel during the Quebec Conference were widely published at the time.

It was at these meetings that the four men discussed the Allied strategies that would eventually lead to victory over Nazi Germany and Japan. When Germany fell on 8 May 1945 and Japan on 15 August of the same year, Athlone led the national celebrations held on Parliament Hill and elsewhere. He thereafter spoke in speeches about Canada's future being marked not by war but by a strong role in reconstruction and reconciliation.^[15]

During their time in Canada, the Athlones also supported various charitable and social events, and mounted a number of tobogganing parties and skating lessons on the grounds of Rideau Hall, as well as skiing in Gatineau Park. Before the couple departed from Canada at the end of Athlone's time as the King's representative, he left as a legacy the Athlone-Vanier Engineering Fellowship, awarded by the Engineering Institute of Canada.^[15]

Post-World War II

At the end of World War II, the American Military Government in Bavaria, under the command of General George S. Patton, arrested and imprisoned Alice's brother, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (who served as a member of the Reichstag from 1937 to 1945), because of his actions as a Nazi supporter during the war. Alice, learning of her brother's incarceration, came to Germany with her husband to plead with his American captors for his release. They would not yield, and in 1946, he was sentenced by a de-nazification court, heavily fined and almost bankrupted.^[20]^[21]

Public life

In her lifetime, Princess Alice carried out many engagements and was involved in many of the activities the royal family were involved in. Apart from her normal duties as vicereine of South Africa and then Canada, she attended the coronations of four British monarchs: Edward VII, George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II, as well as the investiture of the Dutch queen Juliana. She was also the Colonel-in-Chief of two British Army units and one Rhodesian Army unit. During the Second World War, she was Honorary Air Commandant of the Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division. In 1950, she became the first Chancellor of the University of the West Indies (then the University College of the West Indies).^[22] As Chancellor, she visited the university every year, staying as a guest of Sir Kenneth Blackburne, Governor-General of Jamaica, and his wife.

From the 1930s-60s she was Chair of the Council (governing body) of Royal Holloway College, University of London. With her husband, daughter and son-in-law, Princess Alice represented the King at the 1937 wedding of Juliana of the Netherlands to Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.^[23]

The princess and her husband visited Bahrain and Saudi Arabia in the winter of 1938.^[24] She was the first member of the British royal family to visit the country and the only one to meet King Abdulaziz.^[25]^[26]^[27] Their nephew Lord Frederick Cambridge accompanied them in the visits.^[32] In Saudi Arabia Princess Alice visited Riyadh, Hofuf and Dammam, and met Noura bint Abdul Rahman, sister of the King and other members of the Saudi royal family.^[28]

In 1966, Princess Alice published her memoirs, For My Grandchildren.^[24]^[29]

Death

The Earl of Athlone died in 1957 at Kensington Palace in London.^[30] Princess Alice lived on there until 1981, when she died in her sleep at age 97 years and 313 days.^[1] At her death, she was the longest-lived British Princess of royal blood and the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria.^[1] The funeral of Princess Alice took place in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, attended by all members of the Royal Family. She is buried alongside her husband and son in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, directly behind the mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, in Windsor Great Park. Her daughter and son-in-law are also buried close by.

She lived through six reigns:^[1] those of Victoria (grandmother), Edward VII (uncle), George V (cousin and brother-in-law), Edward VIII (first cousin once removed and nephew), George VI (first cousin once removed and nephew) and Elizabeth II (first cousin twice removed and grand-niece).

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Honours

Honorary military appointments

Arms

As a granddaughter of Queen Victoria in the male line, Princess Alice was entitled to use the Royal Arms with a 5-point label for difference, the central point bearing a cross gules, the others hearts gules.

Ancestry

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/04/obituaries/princess-alice-at-london-home-a-grandchild-of-queen-victoria.html|title=Princess Alice, at London Home; A Grandchild of Queen Victoria|publisher=The New York Times|date=4 January 1981|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
2. ^{{London Gazette |issue=30428 |date=14 December 1917 |page=13086 }}
3. ^Yvonne's Royalty Home Page — Royal Christenings
4. ^{{Cite news|url=|title=The Confirmation of Princess Alice of Albany at St George's Church, Cannes|last=|first=|date=16 April 1898|work=Illustrated London News|access-date=|pages=5,6}}
5. ^{{cite news |title=HRH Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone |work=The Times |publisher=The Times Digital Archive |page=14 |date=5 January 1981}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Stegner|first=Wallace|title=Discovery! The Story of Aramco Then|journal=Saudi Aramco World|date=January–February 1969|volume=7|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196901/discovery.the.story.of.aramco.then-chapter.7.dammam.no.7.htm}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Aronson|first1=Theo|title=Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone|date=1981|publisher=Cassell|location=London|isbn=0304307572|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mBnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22brantridge+park%22&dq=%22brantridge+park%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi43J72xojNAhVOOFIKHWI9AXIQ6AEITTAF|accessdate=2 June 2016}}
8. ^De vijf peetouders van prinses Beatrix. The Memory of the Netherlands. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
9. ^{{London Gazette| issue=30374|pages=11592–11594| date=9 November 1917}}
10. ^{{London Gazette| issue=30374| date=9 November 1917|page=11594}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9a1TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA421&dq=Titles+Deprivation+Act+charles+edward+germany&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ4Z-fiJzYAhUL52MKHUMSBJQQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=Titles+Deprivation+Act+charles+edward+germany&f=false|title=Constitutional History of the UK|first=Ann|last=Lyon|date=10 June 2016|publisher=Routledge|page=421|accessdate=31 December 2017|via=Google Books|quote=That year, the UK Parliament passed the Titles Deprivation Act which empowered the Privy Council to investigate "any persons enjoying any dignity or title as a peer or British prince who have, during the present war, borne arms against His Majesty or His Allies, or who have adhered to His Majesty's enemies."}}
12. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~lysic/1920s/athlonelord.htm| title=Earl of Athlone (1874–1957)| publisher=University of Warwick| accessdate=25 March 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090416061942/http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~lysic/1920s/athlonelord.htm| archivedate= 16 April 2009 | deadurl= no}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://artdaily.com/news/32327/Royal-Pictures-by-South-African-Artist--Jacob-Hendrik-Pierneef--on-Sale-at-Bonhams-in-London#.WwpT_zQvzIU|title=Royal Pictures by South African Artist, Jacob Hendrik Pierneef, on Sale at Bonhams in London|publisher=artdaily.org|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
14. ^{{cite journal |title=Life Calls on the Earl of Athlone |journal=Life |date=August 7, 1944 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=94-97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-04EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=earl+of+athlone&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiiisau1ITdAhUkTd8KHSlVBd4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=24 August 2018}}
15. ^¹²{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/athlone_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Governor General > Former Governors General > Major General The Earl of Athlone| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=24 March 2009| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211100844/http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/athlone_e.asp | archivedate=11 February 2009}}
16. ^"The Earl of Athlone," Former Governors General, The Governor General of Canada, accessed 22 April 2011.
17. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nhQvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-NsFAAAAIBAJ&dq=britannia%20bay%20g%3Alocbritannia%2C_ontario%2C_canada&pg=3409%2C1490295 the Princess Alice Barracks Cabin at Britannia Bay Ottawa Citizen Jul 10, 1944]
18. ^{{cite book| last=Hubbard| first=R.H.| title=Rideau Hall| publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press| year=1977| location=Montreal and London| page=201| isbn=978-0-7735-0310-6| ref=CITEREF_Hubbard_1977}}
19. ^{{Harvnb| Hubbard| 1977| p=202}}
20. ^Hitler's Favourite Royal (Channel 4 documentary) Dec 2007
21. ^The Nazi relative that the Royals disowned - Daily Mail - Dec 2007
22. ^{{cite web|title=PRINCESS ALICE, AT LONDON HOME: A GRANDCHILD OF QUEEN VICTORIA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/04/obituaries/princess-alice-at-london-home-a-grandchild-of-queen-victoria.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007210105/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/04/obituaries/princess-alice-at-london-home-a-grandchild-of-queen-victoria.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=7 October 2016|website=New York Times Obituaries|publisher=UPI|accessdate=29 December 2017}}
23. ^{{cite book|last1=Aronson|first1=Theo|title=Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone|date=1981|publisher=Cassell|location=London|isbn=0304307572|page=185|edition=First}}
24. ^¹{{cite news|title=Sotheby's To Sell An Historic Album Photographs Recording the First British Royal Visit to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain|url=http://www.artdaily.com/section/news/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=30656&b=map#.UekD72TAVgs|accessdate=19 July 2013|work=Art Daily|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017224200/http://artdaily.com/section/news/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=30656&b=map#.UekD72TAVgs|archivedate=17 October 2015|df=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11505153|title=Audio Slideshow: Princess Alice in Saudi Arabia|publisher=BBC|date=11 October 2010|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/alice-in-arabia-the-first-british-royal-to-visit-saudi-arabia-1.414073|title=Alice in Arabia: the first British royal to visit Saudi Arabia|publisher=The National|first=Loveday|last=Morris|date=30 July 2011}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Princess_Alice_Exeter_exhibition.pdf|title=Journey of a Lifetime: The visit of HRH Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|publisher=College of Social Sciences and International Studies|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=The journey of a lifetime|url=http://www.geographical.co.uk/Magazine/Princess_Alice_-_Jul_11.html|accessdate=21 July 2013|work=Geographical|date=July 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521124537/http://www.geographical.co.uk/Magazine/Princess_Alice_-_Jul_11.html|archivedate=21 May 2014|df=}}
29. ^{{cite book|last1=Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone|title=For My Grandchildren:|date=1966|publisher=Evans Bros.|location=London|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/for-my-grandchildren-some-reminiscences-of-her-royal-highness-princess-alice-countess-of-athlone/oclc/654367087?referer=di&ht=edition|accessdate=8 January 2016}}
30. ^¹{{cite news|last=Morris|first=Loveday|title=Alice in Arabia: the first British royal to visit Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/alice-in-arabia-the-first-british-royal-to-visit-saudi-arabia|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=The National|date=30 July 2011}}
31. ^Photographs at [https://i.pinimg.com/736x/2e/f2/f9/2ef2f9f4463b88b267a72fd1a9cfc659--princess-alice-princess-mary.jpg Pinterest]