| 词条 | Detachment of wall paintings |
| 释义 |
The detachment of wall paintings involves the removal of a wall painting from the structure of which it formed part. Once a common practice, with the move towards preservation in situ, detachment is now largely restricted to cases where the only alternative is total loss.[3] According to the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), "detachment and transfer are dangerous, drastic and irreversible operations that severely affect the physical composition, material structure and aesthetic characteristics of wall paintings. These operations are, therefore, only justifiable in extreme cases when all options of in situ treatment are not viable."[4] OriginsVitruvius records how in Sparta, in 59 BC, "paintings have been taken out of certain walls by cutting through the bricks, enclosed in wooden frames, and brought to the Comitium".[5] A century later, apprised of paintings of Atalanta and Helen without drapery and "enflamed with lust", Caligula attempted to carry them off, but was prevented by the makeup of the plaster.[6] Maiuri cites examples of wall paintings in wooden frames excavated at Pompeii, a precursor to what was to follow in the 18th and 19th centuries.[7][8] The practice of detachment, in abeyance or undocumented for a millennium, was revived in Renaissance Italy, with several instances recorded by Vasari.[9]MotivationIn their study, Mora, Mora, and Philippot cite four reasons for the "over-use" of detachment: the 19th-century division of the arts that privileged a "painting" divorced from its architectural and historical context; insensitivity to the aesthetic consequences, often partially concealed by restorers; the curiosity of art historians looking for sinopie; or perceived savings relating to the initial cost of treatment.[10] Commercial gain and exploitation as consumer goods by collectors, dealers and restorers provides another possible incentive.[11] This process enables nowadays' companies to offer their customers an authentic fresco, created in their laboratory according to the ancient technique and transferred onto a canvas to be shipped to the place of installation.[12] Changing values{{main|Values (heritage)}}As the values of a society change, so to does its attitude towards works of the past. TechniquesThere are three main methods, typically referred to by their Italian terms, namely stacco a massello, involving detachment and removal of painting, render, and some or all of the mural support; stacco or detachment of the painting with render alone; and strappo, lit. "tearing", lifting of only the paint layer, attached to a facing with adhesive.[16] In each case the resulting material must be applied to a new support.[17] CriticismsMinimum intervention and reversibility are core conservation ethics that favour preservation in situ.[18][19] Detachment breaks the intrinsic link between wall paintings and architecture; causes irreversible physical damage to the texture, topography, and tone of the painting; leaves a void in the stripped interior; with the introduction of new materials, typically leads to a cycle of retreatment; and has resulted in "many transfers in terrible condition that serve as examples of serious, albeit unintentional, maltreatment".[20] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |title=A Byzantine Masterpiece Recovered: The Thirteenth-Century Murals of Lysi, Cyprus |author=Weyl Carr, Annemarie |publisher=Menil Collection |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-292-78118-4}} {{Cultural Conservation-Restoration |state=expanded}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/da/da.nsf/DMLnews_en/DMLnews_en?OpenDocument |title=The Repatriation of the Wall Paintings of the Church of Agios Euphemianos, Lysi |publisher=Department of Antiquities |accessdate=6 July 2012}} 3. ^{{Cite book|url=http://projekte.hawk-hhg.de/ewaglos/pages/download.php|title=EwaGlos. European Illustrated Glossary Of Conservation Terms For Wall Paintings And Architectural Surfaces. English Definitions with translations into Bulgarian, Croatian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish and Turkish.|last=|first=|publisher=Michael Imhof|year=2015|isbn=978-3-7319-0260-7|editor-last=Weyer|editor-first=Angela|location=Petersberg|pages=344|doi=10.5165/hawk-hhg/233|editor-last2=Roig Picazo|editor-first2=Pilar|editor-last3=Pop|editor-first3=Daniel|editor-last4=Cassar|editor-first4=JoAnn|editor-last5=Özköse|editor-first5=Aysun|editor-last6=Vallet|editor-first6=Jean-Marc|editor-last7=Srša|editor-first7=Ivan}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/wallpaintings_e.pdf |title=Principles for the Preservation and Conservation-Restoration of Wall Paintings (Article 6: Emergency Measures) |publisher=ICOMOS |year=2003 |accessdate=13 February 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0072%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D9 |title=Vitruvius, De Architectura II.8.9 |publisher=Perseus Project |accessdate=13 February 2012}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D35%3Achapter%3D6 |title=Pliny the Elder, Natural History XXXV.6.17-18 |publisher=Perseus Project |accessdate=13 February 2012}} 7. ^{{cite journal|title=Picturae Ligneis Formis Inclusae: Note sulla Tecnica della Pittura Campana |author=Maiuri, Amedeo |journal=Atti della Accademia dei Lincei |publisher=Accademia dei Lincei |year=1940 |volume=18 |issue=7-10 |pages=138–60}} 8. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/wall_paintings.pdf |title=The Conservation of Wall Paintings |publisher=Getty Conservation Institute |editor=Cather, Sharon |author=Moorman, Eric |chapter=Destruction and restoration of Campanian mural paintings in the 18th and 19th centuries |pages=87–102 |year=1991 |ISBN=0-89236-162-X |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527174250/http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/wall_paintings.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-27 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite book |title=Conservation of Wall Paintings |author1=Mora, Paolo |author2=Mora, Laura |author3=Philippot, Paul |publisher=Butterworths |year=1984 |page=260f |ISBN=0-408-10812-6}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=Conservation of Wall Paintings |author1=Mora, Paolo |author2=Mora, Laura |author3=Philippot, Paul |publisher=Butterworths |year=1984 |pages=245f |ISBN=0-408-10812-6}} 11. ^{{cite book |title=Reversibility - Does it Exist? |editor1=Oddy, Andrew |editor1-link=William Andrew Oddy |editor2=Carroll, Sara |publisher=British Museum Press |year=1999 |ISBN=0-86159-135-6 |chapter=Aspects of reversibility in transferred paintings |pages=64f |author=Brajer, Isabelle}} 12. ^How is a fresco detached from a wall? - Fresco Blog by Italian Fresco Blog. 13. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/05/israel.artsnews |title=Spray can prankster tackles Israel's security barrier |author=Jones, Sam |work=The Guardian |date=5 August 2005 |accessdate=6 July 2012}} 14. ^{{cite book |title=Conservation of Wall Paintings |author1=Mora, Paolo |author2=Mora, Laura |author3=Philippot, Paul |publisher=Butterworths |year=1984 |pages=2ff |ISBN=0-408-10812-6}} 15. ^{{cite book |title=Levels of Unreality: Studies in structure and construction in Italian mural painting during the Renaissance |author=Sven Sandström |publisher=Uppsala |year=1963 |pages=passim}} 16. ^{{cite book |title=Conservation of Wall Paintings |author1=Mora, Paolo |author2=Mora, Laura |author3=Philippot, Paul |publisher=Butterworths |year=1984 |pages=246–260 |ISBN=0-408-10812-6}} 17. ^{{cite book |title=Conservation of Wall Paintings |author1=Mora, Paolo |author2=Mora, Laura |author3=Philippot, Paul |publisher=Butterworths |year=1984 |pages=262–281 |ISBN=0-408-10812-6}} 18. ^{{cite book |title=The Transfer of Wallpaintings; based on Danish experience |author=Brajer, Isabelle |publisher=Archetype Publications |year=2002 |ISBN=978-1-873132-43-2}} 19. ^{{cite book |title=Mosaics make a Site: The conservation in situ of mosaics on archaeological sites |chapter=Philosophies favouring in situ conservation |pages=17–29 |publisher=ICCM |editor=Michaelides, Demetrios |year=2003 |ISBN=92-9077-179-8}} 20. ^{{cite book |title=Reversibility - Does it Exist? |editor1=Oddy, Andrew |editor1-link=William Andrew Oddy |editor2=Carroll, Sara |publisher=British Museum Press |year=1999 |ISBN=0-86159-135-6 |chapter=Aspects of reversibility in transferred paintings |pages=63–71 (p. 65 for quote) |author=Brajer, Isabelle}} 2 : Art history|Conservation and restoration of paintings |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。