| 释义 |
- Overview
- Contemporary issues
- References
- Further reading
- External links
{{Infobox organization
| name = Detroit Water and Sewerage Department
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| image = File:Detroit Water and Sewerage Department logo.gif
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| headquarters = Detroit, Michigan
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| services = Water treatment and provision, sewerage
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| website = {{url|http://detroitmi.gov/dwsd}}
| remarks = Services Metro Detroit and surrounding counties and communities
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}}The Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD) is a public utility that provides water and sewerage services for Detroit, Michigan and owns the assets that provide water and sewerage services to 126 other communities in seven counties. Overview{{Expand section|date=February 2015}}The Detroit Water and Sewerage Department is a sprawling network covering 1,079 square-miles, The DWSD is one of the most extensive and largest water and sewage systems in the United States. In 2000, the DWSD provided water for around four million customers in Detroit and its metropolitan area.[9] At this time, the department utilized five water treatment plants that were fed from three raw water intakes, two of which were sourced from the Detroit River and one of which was sourced from Lake Huron.[9] The water treatment plants used the technologies of "pre-chlorination, rapid mix, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorine disinfection".[9] At this time, the five water treatment plants were Waterworks Park, Springwells, Northeast, Southwest and Lake Huron.[9] In a 1992 survey, "nine of the 119 water purveyors that receive DWSD water indicated that considerable amounts of unlined cast-iron pipe were in place", and that "two-thirds of the eighteen survey respondents also indicated that red/rusty water occurrences were the most common cause of customer complaints".[9] This was associated with the occurrence of iron uptake in the pipes.[9] Contemporary issues{{As of|2014|June|24}}, the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department has taken on significant debt and delinquent accounts, and has been under discussion for potential privatization.[16][17][18] Efforts to collect on overdue billing has been characterized as an effort "to get rid of the bad debt associated with the water department and prep the public entity for privatization".[16]Per a June 2014 Democracy Now article:[18] The Detroit Water and Sewerage Department says half of its 323,000 accounts are delinquent and has begun turning off the taps of those who do not pay bills that total above $150 or that are 60 days late. Since March, up to 3,000 account holders have had their water cut off every week. The Detroit water authority carries an estimated $5 billion in debt and has been the subject of privatization talks.
Efforts to shut off water to delinquent corporate accounts have been tepid at best. "Vargo Golf, which operates Palmer Park Golf Course and Chandler Park Golf Course, under contract with the city of Detroit tops the list, with a delinquent account balance of $437,714. Another Vargo Golf account for a separate property has a delinquent balance of $100,528."[3] On his Daily Show, Jon Stewart called out Ford Field and Joe Louis Arena on their delinquent DWSD accounts.[4] In June 2014, activists from the Blue Planet Project had filed a "submission to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation ... activists say Detroit is trying to push through a private takeover of its water system at the expense of basic rights."[18] References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.theoaklandpress.com/article/OP/20160104/NEWS/160109869|title=Great Lakes Water Authority takes over regional operations|website=www.theoaklandpress.com|access-date=2016-03-28}}
2. ^The History of Detroit Water and Sewerage Department. Official website {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072227/http://www.dwsd.org/pages_n/history.html |date=September 27, 2011 }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20140709/NEWS01/307090141/Detroit-water-shut-offs-companies-customers|title=Detroit water department now sending shut-off crews to commercial customers|author=Guillen, Joe|date=July 14, 2014|work=Detroit Free Press|accessdate=15 February 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/detroit/index.ssf/2014/11/detroit_reacts_to_the_daily_sh.html|title='Daily Show with Jon Stewart' calls out Joe Louis Arena, Ford Field in Detroit water shutoffs story|author=Lacy, Eric|date=November 17, 2014|work=MLive.com|accessdate=15 February 2015}}
5. ^1 {{cite web | title=Mayor Mike Duggan takes over Detroit water department | author=Haimerl Amy|website=Crain's Detroit Business | date=July 29, 2014 | url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20140729/BLOG017/140729825/mayor-mike-duggan-takes-over-detroit-water-department | accessdate=February 15, 2015}} {{paywall}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite web | last=Green | first=Emma | title=What Happens When Detroit Shuts Off the Water of 100,000 People | website=The Atlantic | date=July 17, 2014 | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/07/what-happens-when-detroit-shuts-off-the-water-of-100000-people/374548/ | accessdate=February 15, 2015}}
7. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web| title = Water is a Human Right: Detroit Residents Seek U.N. Intervention as City Shuts Off Taps to Thousands| work = Democracy Now!| accessdate = 2014-07-03| date = 2014-06-24| url = http://www.democracynow.org/2014/6/24/water_is_a_human_right_detroit}}
8. ^1 {{cite web | title=Detroit Plans Thousands Of Water Shutoffs Over Delinquent Bills | website=CBS Detroit | date=March 21, 2014 | url=http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2014/03/21/detroit-plans-thousands-of-water-shutoffs-over-delinquent-bills/ | accessdate=February 15, 2015}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book | last=Kirmeyer | first=Gregory J. | title=Distribution System Water Quality Changes Following Corrosion Control Strategies | publisher=American Water Works Association| year=2000 | isbn=978-1-58321-002-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LumB9IDevqgC&pg=PA117 | accessdate=February 15, 2015 | pages=117–133}}
[5][6][7][8][9]
}}Further reading- Factor screening for ozonating the taste- and odor-causing compounds in source water at Detroit, USA. Water Science and Technology. Pages 115–122.
- Tapped Out Detroit Residents in Water Fight With City. NBC News.
- [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/07/19/the-terrible-choices-detroit-confronts-as-it-cuts-off-water-to-its-own-residents/ The terrible choices Detroit confronts as it cuts off water to its own residents]. The Washington Post.
- [https://www.vice.com/read/who-bled-detroit-dry Who Bled Detroit Dry?]. Vice.
- Detroit Plans Thousands Of Water Shutoffs Over Delinquent Bills. CBS Detroit.
- Detroit water chief says she's willing to sell emergency water to Flint -- no strings attached. MLive.
External links- {{Official website|http://www.dwsd.org}}
{{Detroit}}{{Portalbar|Metro Detroit}} 8 : Government of Detroit|Public utilities of the United States|Water management authorities in the United States|Local government in Michigan|Detroit River|Metro Detroit|Organizations based in Detroit|Privatization controversies |