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词条 Prisoner of conscience
释义

  1. Definition

  2. Current Amnesty International prisoners of conscience

     Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Belarus   Cambodia  Eritrea  Ethiopia  The Gambia  Hong Kong  India  Israel  Iran  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Malaysia  Mauritania  Morocco  Myanmar  Nigeria  North Korea   Pakistan   People's Republic of China  Russia  Saudi Arabia  Sudan  Syria  Thailand  Tunisia  Ukraine   United Arab Emirates   United States  Uzbekistan  Venezuela  Vietnam 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

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Prisoner of conscience (POC) is a term coined by Peter Benenson in a 28 May 1961 article ("The Forgotten Prisoners") for the London Observer newspaper. Most often associated with the human rights organisation Amnesty International, the term can refer to anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. It also refers to those who have been imprisoned and/or persecuted for the non-violent expression of their conscientiously held beliefs.

Definition

The article "The Forgotten Prisoners" by Peter Benenson, published in The Observer 28 May 1961, launched the campaign "Appeal for Amnesty 1961" and first defined a "prisoner of conscience".[2]

{{bquote| Any person who is physically restrained (by imprisonment or otherwise) from expressing (in any form of words or symbols) any opinion which he honestly holds and which does not advocate or condone personal violence. We also exclude those people who have conspired with a foreign government to overthrow their own.}}

The primary goal for this year-long campaign, founded by the English lawyer Peter Benenson and a small group of writers, academics and lawyers including Quaker peace activist Eric Baker, was to identify individual prisoners of conscience around the world and then campaign for their release. In early 1962, the campaign had received enough public support to become a permanent organization and was renamed Amnesty International.

Under British law, Amnesty International was classed as a political organisation and therefore excluded from tax-free charity status.[3] To work around this, the "Fund for the Persecuted" was established in 1962 to receive donations to support prisoners and their families. The name was later changed to the "Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund" and is now a separate and independent charity which provides relief and rehabilitation grants to prisoners of conscience in the UK and around the world.[4]

Amnesty International has, since its founding, pressured governments to release those persons it considers to be prisoners of conscience.[5] Governments, conversely, tend to deny that the specific prisoners identified by Amnesty International are, in fact, being held on the grounds Amnesty claims; they allege that these prisoners pose genuine threats to the security of their countries.[6]

The concept of "Prisoners of conscience" became a controversy around Nelson Mandela's imprisonment in South Africa 1964. He had initially been adopted as a Prisoners of conscience in 1962, when he was sentenced to five years in jail for inciting a strike of African workers.[7] This was reversed after the Rivonia Trial showed that Mandela now had turned to violently opposing the

South African regime. The reversal evolved in 1964 into a worldwide debate and a poll among the members of Amnesty International. The overwhelming majority decided to maintain the basic rule, that prisoners of conscience are those who have not used or advocated violence.[8]

The phrase is now widely used in political discussions to describe a political prisoner, whether or not Amnesty International has specifically adopted the case, although the phrase has a different scope and definition than that of political prisoner.[9]

Current Amnesty International prisoners of conscience

Below is an incomplete list of individuals that Amnesty International considers to be prisoners of conscience, organized by country.

Azerbaijan

{{col-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Ilgar Mammadov, Republican Alternative Movement,
  • Anar Bayramli;[10]
  • Ramin Bayramov;[10]
  • Arif Yunus,[11]
  • Leyla Yunus,[11]
  • Vidadi Isgandarov;[12]
  • Taleh Khasmammadov;[10] and youth activists Bakhtiyar Guliyev, Mahammad Azizov, Shahin Novruzlu, Rashad Hasanov,[13]
  • Rashadat Akhundov, Zaur Gurbanli, Uzeyir Mammadli and Ilkin Rustamzade[14]

}}

Bahrain

{{col-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Mahdi Abu Deeb;[15]
  • Mohammad Sanad al-Makina;[16] and the Bahrain Thirteen:
  • Abdulhadi al-Khawaja
  • Hassan Mushaima
  • Abdelwahab Hussain
  • Abdel-Jalil al-Singace
  • Nabeel Rajab[17]
  • Ebrahim Sharif
  • Salah Abdullah Hubail al-Khawaja[18]

}}

Belarus

{{col-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Iryna Khalip;[22]
  • Eduard Lobau;[19]
  • Uladzimir Niaklajeu;[19]
  • Pavel Sevyarynets;[20]
  • Mikola Statkevich[19] Anton Suryapin[21]

}}

Cambodia

  • Yorm Bopha[22]

Eritrea

  • Aster Fissehatsion;[23]
  • Dawit Isaak;[24]
  • Mahmoud Ahmed Sheriffo;[23]
  • Petros Solomon;[23]
  • Haile Woldetensae[23]

Ethiopia

  • Eskinder Nega[25]
  • Bekele Gerba

The Gambia

  • Ebrima Manneh[26]

Hong Kong

  • Alex Chow[27]
  • Nathan Law[27]
  • Joshua Wong[27]

India

  • Binayak Sen;[28]
  • Soni Sori;[29]
  • Irom Sharmila Chanu;[30]

Israel

  • Mordechai Vanunu

Iran

{{col-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Bahman Ahmadi Amou'i;[31]
  • Zhila Bani-Yaghoub;[32]
  • Arzhang Davoodi;[33]
  • Ghoncheh Ghavami;[34]
  • Kouhyar Goudarzi;[35]
  • Zeynab Jalaliyan;[36]
  • Mohammad Sadigh Kabudvand;[37]
  • Zhila Karamzadeh-Makvandi;[38]
  • Habibollah Latifi[39]
  • Hossein Ronaghi Maleki[40]
  • Narges Mohammadi;[41]
  • Parvin Mokhtareh;[35]
  • Abdollah Momeni;[42]
  • Sayed Ziaoddin (Zia) Nabavi;[43]
  • Mansour Osanlou;[44]
  • Jafar Panahi;[45][46]
  • Isa Saharkhiz[32]
  • Mohammad Seifzadeh[47]
  • Reza Shahabi[48]
  • Saeed Shirzad[49]
  • Abdolfattah Soltani[47]
  • Heshmat Tabarzadi[50]
  • Majid Tavakoli[51]
  • Mohammad Ali Taheri

}}

Kuwait

  • Hamad al-Naqi[52]

Kyrgyzstan

  • Azimzhan Askarov[53]

Malaysia

  • Ali Abd Jalil;[54] Anwar Ibrahim

Mauritania

  • Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir[55][56]

Morocco

  • Ali Anouzla[57]

Myanmar

  • Phyo Phyo Aung[58]

Nigeria

  • Fela Kuti[59]

North Korea

  • Oh Hae-won[60]

Pakistan

  • Asghar Khan

People's Republic of China

{{col-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Chen Wei;[61]
  • Dhondup Wangchen;[62]
  • Ershidin Israil;[63]
  • Gao Zhisheng;[64]
  • Guo Feixiong;[65]
  • Guo Xiaojun;[66]
  • Mao Hengfeng;[67]
  • Shi Tao;[51]
  • Wang Junling;[83]
  • Wang Xiaodong[68]

}}

Russia

NAME

AGE

LOCATION

TERM; UNTIL

REASON

  • Mikhail Kosenko;[69] Nikolay Kavkazsky;[70] Ruslan Sokolovsky;[71]Yaroslav Belousov[72] Alexei Navalny

Saudi Arabia

  • Raif Badawi;[73] Mohammad bin Saleh al-Bajadi;[74] Saud al-Hashimi;[75] Khaled al-Johani;[76] Hamza Kashgari;[77][78] Ashraf Fayadh;[79]Issa al-Hamid;[80]Alaa Brinji;[81]Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr;[82]Zuhair Kutbi;[83]Mikhlif al-Shammari;[84]Waleed Abu al-Khair;[85]Abdulaziz al-Shubaili;[86]Saleh al-Ashwan;[87]Omar al-Said;[87][86]Abdulrahman al-Hamid;[86]Abdulkareem al-Khoder;[86][88]Abdullah al-Hamid;[87]Mohammed Fahad al-Qahtani;[87]Fowzan al-Harbi;[87]Fadhel al-Manasif[87]

Sudan

Ussamah Mohammed;[89] Faisal Saleh[90]

Syria

Ali al-Abdullah;[91] Mazen Darwish;[92] Shibal Ibrahim;[93] Riad Seif[94]

Thailand

Somyot Prueksakasemsuk[95]

Tunisia

Ramzi Abcha;[96] Ghazi Beji;[96]

Ukraine

Ruslan Kotsaba[97]

United Arab Emirates

Nasser bin Ghaith[98]

United States

Saifullah Paracha[99]

Uzbekistan

Azam Farmonov;[51] Alisher Karamatov;[51] Solijon Abdrahmanov[100]

Venezuela

Leopoldo López[101]; Gregory Hinds[102]; Geraldine Chacón[102]

Vietnam

Cù Huy Hà Vũ;[103] Le Cong Dinh;[104] Nguyen Dan Que;[105] Nguyen Van Hai;[106] Nguyen Van Ly;[107] Phan Thanh Hai;[136] Ta Phong Tan;[108] Vi Duc Hoi;[109] Trần Huỳnh Duy Thức.[110]

See also

  • Political prisoner

References

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2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/amnesty-50-years/peter-benenson-remembered/the-forgotten-prisoners-by-peter-benenson |title=The Forgotten Prisoners |author=Peter Berenson |date=28 May 1961 |work=The Observer |accessdate=28 May 2011}}
3. ^{{cite book |last=Hopgood |first=Steven |title=Keepers of the Flame: The Understanding Amnesty International |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2006 |page=70}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.prisonersofconscience.org/about_poc/default.aspx |title=About Us |publisher=Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund |accessdate=22 April 2011}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1977/amnesty-history.html |title=History of Organization |year=1977 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |accessdate=22 April 2011}}
6. ^Human Rights and the Dirty War in Mexico by Kate Doyle
7. ^{{cite web| url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=njElm3dJLKwC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Mandela+adopted+as+a+prisoner+of+conscience&source=bl&ots=_g79WD2MTJ&sig=wd2A7Wct2VG43F8s61p_vp4HzlM&hl=da&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mandela&f=false |title=Like Water on Stone: The Story of Amnesty International |author=Jonathan Power |date=2001 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/204000/pol100011965eng.pdf |title=Amnesty International Annual Report 1064-65|author=Amnesty International |date=1965 |accessdate=24 May 2017}}
9. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4360193.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Freed China prisoner reaches US | date=18 March 2005 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur55/008/2012/en/ |title=Azerbaijan: Authorities determined to silence dissent to ensure successful Eurovision |date=1 May 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=2 May 2012}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|title=Release Prisoners of Conscience Leyla and Arif Yunus|url=https://www.amnesty.ie/content/urgent-action-azerbaijan-release-prisoners-conscrience-leyla-and-arif-yunus|publisher=Amnesty International}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/azerbaijan-opposition-activist-freed-pre-eurovision-hunger-strike-begins-2012-05-16 |title=Azerbaijan: Opposition activist freed as pre-Eurovision hunger strike begins |date=16 May 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=16 May 2012}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur55/004/2013/en/|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=20 March 2013}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa06813_0.pdf |title=Activists Face 12 Years' Jail on New Charges |date=18 September 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=9 October 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/cases/bahrain-jalila-al-salman-mahdi-issa-mahdi-abu-dheeb |title=Jalila al-Salman and Mahdi 'Issa Mahdi Abu Dheeb: Prisoners of Conscience |publisher=Amnesty International |year=2012 |accessdate=14 November 2012 |archivedate=14 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CAatFByr?url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/cases/bahrain-jalila-al-salman-mahdi-issa-mahdi-abu-dheeb |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all }}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Bahrain activist arrested and charged |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde11/032/2013/en/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=13 August 2013|accessdate=14 August 2013}}
17. ^https://ua.amnesty.ch/urgent-actions/2014/10/249-14/249-14-14/ua-249-14-14-english
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/bahrain-must-overturn-outrageous-verdict-prisoners-conscience-2012-09-04 |title=Bahrain must free prisoners of conscience after outrageous verdict |date=4 September 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |archivedate=4 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ARAf6CXn?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/bahrain-must-overturn-outrageous-verdict-prisoners-conscience-2012-09-04 |accessdate=4 September 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
19. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa26410.pdf |title=Further information on UA 264/10 (21 December 2010) and follow-ups (23 December 2010, 12 January 2011, 31 January 2011, 7 March 2011) |date=14 April 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 April 2011}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item/belarus-urged-to-free-remaining-prisoners-of-conscience-after-two-released |title=Belarus urged to free remaining prisoners of conscience after two released |date=16 April 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=20 July 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/belarus-urged-release-teddy-bear-free-speech-activist-2012-07-24 |title=Belarus urged to release 'teddy bear' free speech activist |date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=24 July 2012}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27 |title=Convictions of activists in Cambodia demonstrates dire state of justice |date=27 December 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=2 January 2013 |archivedate=2 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DNZhXO8A?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/convictions-activists-cambodia-demonstrates-dire-state-justice-2012-12-27 |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all }}
23. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=Eritrea: Prisoners of conscience held for a decade must be released|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/eritrea-prisoners-conscience-held-decade-must-be-released-2011-09-15 |publisher=Amnesty International |date=15 September 2011 |accessdate=26 December 2011}}
24. ^{{cite news |title=Annual Report 2011 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/eritrea/report-2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |year=2011 |accessdate=28 May 2011}}
25. ^{{cite web|last=Amnesty International|title=Eskinder Nega|url=https://www.amnesty.org.nz/eskinder-nega|accessdate=16 June 2013}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/gambia-ebrima-manneh/page.do?id=1361052 |title=Ebrima Manneh |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=17 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082908/http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/gambia-ebrima-manneh/page.do?id=1361052 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
27. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org.hk/en/hong-kong-vindictive-jail-terms-for-pro-democracy-leaders/ |title=Hong Kong: "Vindictive" jail terms for pro-democracy leaders |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 August 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGNAU2011041523091&lang=e |title=Indian human rights activist Binayak Sen to be released on bail |date=15 April 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=17 April 2011}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/india-release-soni-sori-international-women-s-day-2012-03-07 |title=India: Release Soni Sori on International Women's Day |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=7 March 2012}}
30. ^{{cite web|last=Chanu|first=Irom Sharmila|title=India must release prisoner of conscience on prolonged hunger strike|url=https://www.amnesty.org/ar/documents/asa20/049/2013/ar/|accessdate=14 January 2014}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/002/2010/en/ |title=Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced |date=8 July 2010|publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=4 September 2012}}
32. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-release-prisoner-conscience-zhila-bani-yaghoub-2012-09-03 |title=Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub |date=3 September 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |archivedate=4 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AR0j50Oz?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-release-prisoner-conscience-zhila-bani-yaghoub-2012-09-03 |accessdate=4 September 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
33. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-immediately-release-prisoner-conscience-arzhang-davoodi-2012-08-24 |title=Iran must immediately release prisoner of conscience Arzhang Davoodi |date=24 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |archivedate=24 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6A9waru9j?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-immediately-release-prisoner-conscience-arzhang-davoodi-2012-08-24 |accessdate=24 August 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/actions/iran-free-ghoncheh-jailed-wanting-watch-volleyball?gclid=CMfy-8e0mMECFQoMaQodFA4AZA|publisher=Amnesty International|title=Archived copy|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012110019/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/actions/iran-free-ghoncheh-jailed-wanting-watch-volleyball?gclid=CMfy-8e0mMECFQoMaQodFA4AZA|archive-date=12 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
35. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/087/2011/en/ |title=Urgent Action: Increasing concerns for safety of Goudarzi |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=1 January 2012}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mojahedin.org/newsen/37000|title=Iran: female prisoner’s conditions after 8 years behind bars - People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)|author=|date=|website=mojahedin.org}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-free-prisoner-conscience-visit-ailing-son-2012-02-17 |title=Iran: Free prisoner of conscience to visit ailing son |date=17 February 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=9 June 2012}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/mde13/021/2012/fr/ |format=PDF |title=Urgent Action: Human rights activist sentenced |date=13 April 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=4 September 2012}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://hra-news.org/en/habibollah-latifis-death-sentence-stopped-leaderships-pardon|title=Habibollah Latifi’s Death Sentence Stopped By Leadership’s Pardon|author=|date=2 September 2015|website=hra-news.org}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/034/2012/en/ |title=Iran: Jailed Blogger Denied Medical Leave |date=17 May 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=2 June 2012}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/mde13/026/2012/fr/ |title=Urgent Action: human rights Defender imprisoned |date=30 April 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=3 May 2012}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/099/2009/en/ |title=Prisoner at risk of torture and ill-treatment |publisher=Amnesty International |date=14 September 2009|accessdate=21 October 2012}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/029/2011/en/ |title=Urgent Action: Prisoner taken from cell at risk of torture |date=11 March 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=7 January 2012}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/iran-mansour-ossanlu/page.do?id=1181052 |title=Mansour Ossanlu, Prisoner of Conscience |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 April 2011}}
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46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/17/jafar-panahi-golden-bear-taxi-iran|title=Jafar Panahi asks for Golden Bear winner Taxi to be shown in Iran|first=Ben|last=Beaumont-Thomas|date=17 February 2015|website=the Guardian}}
47. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-release-human-rights-defender-mohammad-ali-dadkhah-2012-10-01 |title=Iran must release human rights defender Mohammad Ali Dadkhah |date=1 October 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |archivedate=1 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6B5wJ2itr?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-release-human-rights-defender-mohammad-ali-dadkhah-2012-10-01 |accessdate=1 October 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
48. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/027/2012/en/ |title=Trade Unionist Given Six-Year Prison Sentence |date=9 May 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=14 May 2012}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://iranian.com/posts/prisoner-of-the-day-saeed-shirzad-56398|title=The Iranian - Iran News And Analysis|website=The Iranian|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905082408/http://iranian.com/posts/prisoner-of-the-day-saeed-shirzad-56398|archive-date=5 September 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa06610.pdf |title=Heshmatollah Tabarzadi (m), aged 53, journalist |date=6 April 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 April 2011}}
51. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/prisoners-of-conscience/page.do?id=1011626 |title=Prisoners of Conscience |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 April 2011}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/kuwait-faces-prison-sentence-over-blasphemous-tweet-2012-06-06 |title=Kuwaiti man sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for ‘insulting’ Tweets |date=7 June 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=8 June 2012}}
53. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur58/021/2010/en/ |title=Kyrgyzstan: Further Information: Prisoner of Conscience on Brink of Death: Azimzhan Askarov |date=12 November 2010 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=17 April 2011}}
54. ^{{cite web |url=http://ua.amnesty.ch/urgent-actions/2014/09/241-14?ua_language=en |title=Detained student activist at risk of torture |date=28 October 2014 |work= |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=28 October 2014}}
55. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr38/0002/2015/en/|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-16}}
56. ^{{Cite web|url=https://advox.globalvoices.org/2017/01/29/originally-sentenced-to-death-a-blogger-goes-before-mauritanias-supreme-court/|title=Originally Sentenced to Death, a Blogger Goes Before Mauritania’s Supreme Court|date=2017-01-29|website=Global Voices Advocacy|access-date=2017-03-16}}
57. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/morocco-ali-anouzla-arrest-2013-09-18 |title=Morocco holding independent editor over coverage of al-Qa’ida video |date=18 September 2013 |work= |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=2 October 2013}}
58. ^{{cite web|title=Phyoe Phyoe Aung, Myanmar|url=https://www.amnesty.org.au/activist/individuals-at-risk-case/37891|website=Amnesty International|accessdate=3 January 2016}}
59. ^{{cite web |url=http://static.amnesty.org/ai50/fela_kuti_en.pdf |title=Fela Kuti, PoC, Nigeria |access-date=16 February 2017}}
60. ^{{citation|url=https://www.amnesty.org/library/asset/ASA24/003/1993/en/959f4967-ecb6-11dd-85fd-99a1fce0c9ec/asa240031993en.html|title=North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns|chapter=2.2. Shin Sook Ja and her daughters|publisher=Amnesty International|year=1993|accessdate=8 May 2012}}
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62. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/033/2009/en |title=China: Tibetan film-maker may face unfair trial, Dhondup Wangchen |date=17 July 2009 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=22 May 2011}}
63. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/uighur-teacher-extradited-china-politically-motivated-terror-charges-2011-06-15 |title=Uighur teacher extradited to China on politically motivated 'terror' charges |date=15 June 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=27 December 2011}}
64. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/press-releases/amnesty-international-shocked-following-reports-of-chinese-human-rights-lawyer-gao-zhisheng-s-return |title=Amnesty International 'Shocked' Following Reports of Chinese Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng's Return to Prison |date=16 December 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=7 December 2012 |archivedate=7 December 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CiuMCUGu?url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/press-releases/amnesty-international-shocked-following-reports-of-chinese-human-rights-lawyer-gao-zhisheng-s-return |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}
65. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/035/2013/en/ |title=Human rights defender at risk of torture |date=11 October 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 October 2013}}
66. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa25710.pdf |title=Further Information on UA 257/10 (15 December 2010) - Prisoner of Conscience/ Risk of Torture |date=31 March 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 April 2011}}
67. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/china-mao-hengfeng/page.do?id=1510036 |title=MAO HENGFENG: HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429092450/http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/china-mao-hengfeng/page.do?id=1510036 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
68. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/china-news/amnesty-international-appeals-for-urgent-action-falun-gong-practitioners-at-risk-of-torture-245897.html |title=Amnesty International Appeals for Urgent Action: Falun Gong Practitioners at Risk of Torture |author=Tan Shu Yan |date=2 June 2012 |work=The Epoch Times|accessdate=2 June 2012}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa28413.pdf |title=Protestor Sent to Mental Institution |date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=18 October 2013}}
70. ^{{cite web |url=http://amnesty.org.ru/node/2721/ |title=Анатомия несправедливости: Процесс по Болотной |date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=3 October 2013}}
71. ^{{cite web |url=https://amnesty.org.ru/asp/2016-09-08-rossiya/ |title=Россия: блогеру грозит до пяти лет лишения свободы |date=8 September 2016 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=10 September 2016}}
72. ^{{Cite news|url=http://imrussia.org/en/projects/political-prisoners/649-the-list-of-persons-recognized-as-political-prisoners-by-russias-memorial-human-rights-center|title=The List of Persons Recognized as Political Prisoners by Russia’s Memorial Human Rights Center|date=2014-01-22|newspaper=Institute of Modern Russia|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-17}}
73. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-uses-capital-offence-apostasy-stifle-debate-2012-12-24 |title=Saudi Arabia uses capital offence of 'apostasy' to stifle debate |date=24 December 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=2 January 2013 |archivedate=2 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DNXz8Bpw?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-uses-capital-offence-apostasy-stifle-debate-2012-12-24 |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all }}
74. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i1rJMukU8NhOs170XKJI4kiJUGXg?docId=CNG.b9db698686022e61c12be4e24e911e29.7d1 |title=Amnesty joins calls to free Saudi 'hunger striker' |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=13 April 2012 |accessdate=16 April 2012}}
75. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/020/2012/en/ |title=Saudi Arabia urged to allow prisoner of conscience to visit ill mother |date=19 October 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=21 October 2012}}
76. ^{{cite web | title =Saudi Arabia: Trial of Riyadh protester 'utterly unwarranted' | publisher =Amnesty International | date =22 February 2012 | url =https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-trial-riyadh-protester-utterly-unwarranted-2012-02-22 | accessdate =24 February 2012 | archiveurl =https://www.webcitation.org/65h4ayWvY?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-trial-riyadh-protester-utterly-unwarranted-2012-02-22 | archivedate =24 February 2012 | deadurl =no | df =dmy-all }}
77. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/death-penalty-fear-tweeter-facing-forcible-return-saudi-arabia-malaysia-201 | title = Death penalty fear for Tweeter facing forcible return to Saudi Arabia from Malaysia | publisher = Amnesty International | date = 10 February 2012 | accessdate = 10 February 2012 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/65MRjaZtw?url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/death-penalty-fear-tweeter-facing-forcible-return-saudi-arabia-malaysia-201 | archivedate = 11 February 2012 | deadurl = no | df = dmy-all }}
78. ^{{cite web | title =Saudi Arabia: Man might face death penalty for tweets: Hamza Kashgari | publisher =Amnesty International | date =13 February 2012 | url =https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE23/002/2012/en | accessdate =24 February 2012 | archiveurl =https://www.webcitation.org/65h8zGkIk?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE23/002/2012/en | archivedate =24 February 2012 | deadurl =no | df =dmy-all }}
79. ^{{Cite web| title = Poet faces death for apostasy in Saudi Arabia: Ashraf Fayadh| accessdate = 2016-01-27| url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/2925/2015/en/}}
80. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/5282/2016/en/|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}
81. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/3673/2016/en/|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}
82. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/saudi-arabia-three-young-activists-could-soon-be-executed/|title=Saudi Arabia: Fears grow that three young activists could soon be executed|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}
83. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/2351/2015/en/|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}
84. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/031/2014/en/|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}
85. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/07/new-anti-terror-law-used-imprison-saudi-arabian-human-rights-activist/|title=New anti-terror law used to imprison Saudi Arabian human rights activist|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}
86. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|url=https://alqst.org/eng/abdulaziz-al-shubaili-jailed-acpra-update-and-background/|title=Abdulaziz al-Shubaili gets 8-year sentence: ACPRA update and background - ALQST advocating for human rights Saudi Arabia QST|date=2016-05-29|newspaper=ALQST advocating for human rights Saudi Arabia QST|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-17}}
87. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item/saudi-arabia-must-release-all-prisoners-of-conscience-immediately-and-unconditionally-irrespective-o|title=Saudi Arabia Must Release All Prisoners of Conscience Immediately and Unconditionally Irrespective of Royal Pardon Conditions|website=Amnesty International USA|access-date=2017-01-17}}
88. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/saudi-arabia-prisoner-of-conscience-latest-to-be-convicted-in-counter-terror-purge-of-human-rights-ngo/|title=Saudi Arabia: Prisoner of conscience latest to be convicted in 'counter-terror purge' of human rights NGO|website=www.amnesty.org|access-date=2017-01-17}}
89. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/03/jailing-catalan-ministers-sparks-mass-protests-barcelona/ |title=
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90. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/sudan-must-end-clampdown-media-amid-arrest-journalist-2012-05-15 |title=Sudan must end clampdown on media |date=15 May 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=14 May 2012}}
91. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde24/011/2011/en/| title=Release Syrian prisoner of conscience ‘Ali al-‘Abdullah |date=4 February 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=26 December 2011}}
92. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde24/071/2012/en/ |title=Syrian Activist Faces Secret Military Court |date=10 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=17 August 2012}}
93. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde24/007/2012/en/ |title=Urgent Action- Health Concerns for Detained Syrian Activist - Shibal Ibrahim |date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=28 January 2012}}
94. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=19444 |title=Syria: activists forced into hiding by threats |date=6 May 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=7 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903133334/http://amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=19444 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
95. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/332024/online-appeals-for-lese-majeste-suspect |title=Somyot lese majeste judgement on Wednesday |date=22 January 2013 |work=The Bangkok Post |accessdate=24 January 2013 |archivedate=25 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DvLBIxrZ?url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/332024/online-appeals-for-lese-majeste-suspect |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all }}
96. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/28465/ |title=Tunisia: Mounting attacks on freedom of expression |date=24 April 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=29 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405015819/http://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/28465 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
97. ^{{cite web|title=Ukraine: draft dodgers face jail as Kiev struggles to find new fighters|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/ukraine-draft-dodgers-jail-kiev-struggle-new-fighters|accessdate=2 April 2016}}
98. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde25/5997/2017/en/|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-29}}
99. ^{{cite web|title=Saifullah Paracha – USA|url=http://aipdx.org/about/our-prisoners-of-conscience/saifullah-paracha/|accessdate=2 April 2016|website=Amnesty International}}
100. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/503795592.html |title=US Urged to Press Tashkent on Political Prisoners |date=21 August 2012 |publisher=Institute for War and Peace Reporting |archivedate=1 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AMPkRCxc?url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/503795592.html |accessdate=31 August 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
101. ^{{cite web|title=Faces of Impunity: Leopoldo López|url=http://amnistiaonline.org/Venezuela/Leopoldo_Lopez/|website=Amnesty International|accessdate=24 September 2015}}
102. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.derechos.org.ve/actualidad/amnistia-internacional-accion-urgente-geraldine-chacon-y-gregory-hinds|title=Amnistía Internacional {{!}} Acción Urgente {{!}} Geraldine Chacón y Gregory Hinds {{!}} PROVEA|website=www.derechos.org.ve|language=es-ES|access-date=2018-05-12}}
103. ^{{cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HlPoQPCr4wIJ:www.amnestyusa.org/document.php%3Fid%3DENGPRE201104052283%26lang%3De%26rss%3Drecentnews+Site:Amnestyusa.org+%22Cu+Huy+Ha+Vu%22+conscience&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&source=www.google.com |title=Prominent Vietnamese activist jailed over democracy calls |date=5 April 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=17 April 2011}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa41/002/2009/en/|title=Urgent Action : Le Cong Dinh, human rights lawyer: arrested|accessdate=21 June 2009}}
105. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGPRE010892011&rss=iar |title=VIETNAMESE AUTHORITIES MUST RELEASE DR. NGUYEN DAN QUE |date=28 February 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=17 April 2011}}
106. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17727373 |title=Vietnamese bloggers deny charges, third in leniency bid |date=16 April 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=16 April 2012}}
107. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa41/001/2011/en/%EF%BF%BD%7Ctitle=URGENT |title=Catholic Priest Risks Being Returned to Prison |date=9 February 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=17 April 2011}}
108. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/viet-nam-halt-crackdown-freedom-expression-2012-08-07-0 |title=Viet Nam: Halt crackdown on freedom of expression |date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Amnesty International |archivedate=15 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69vUVK9pE?url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/viet-nam-halt-crackdown-freedom-expression-2012-08-07-0 |accessdate=14 August 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all }}
109. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/viet-nam-activist-prison-sentence-condemned-2011-01-26 |title=Viet Nam activist prison sentence condemned |date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=20 July 2012}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=Viet Nam: Prisoners of conscience released but dozens remain jailed|url=https://www.amnesty.org.nz/news/viet-nam-prisoners-conscience-released-dozens-remain-jailed|website=Amnesty International|accessdate=15 November 2014}}

External links

  • Amnesty International resources about prisoners of conscience
  • Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund
{{Incarceration}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Prisoner Of Conscience}}

2 : Amnesty International prisoners of conscience|Imprisonment and detention
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