| 词条 | Die Littauischen Wegeberichte |
| 释义 |
Die Littauischen Wegeberichte (German for Lithuanian route report) is a compilation of 100 routes into the western Grand Duchy of Lithuania prepared by the Teutonic Knights in 1384–1402.[1] The Knights waged the Lithuanian Crusade to convert pagan Lithuanians into Christianity since the 1280s. The crusade was characterized with frequent raids into the enemy territory to loot and pillage. Since Lithuania lacked a developed road network, local Lithuanian and Prussian scouts would describe and document the best and most effective routes for the military raids into Lithuania. The reports contained brief directions using both natural (rivers, lakes, swamps, forests) and man-made (villages, nobility estates, roads, formerly inhabited places) landmarks for navigation.[1] It also described obstacles and provided locations of good places for rest camps, where to obtain drinking water or fodder for horses.[3] The place names were recorded in old German, therefore some of them are quite distorted from their original Lithuanian form.[4] Also, some places or place names did not survive to the present day. Therefore, there are many issues in trying to identify and locate the named places. However, the reports are still an important source for the study of Lithuanian local history, toponymy, geographic, social, and economic aspects of the 14th-century Lithuanian society.[1] For example, Wegeberichte mentioned several alka, i.e. sacred grooves or pagan shrines,[2] and illustrated logistical difficulties faced by an invading army.[3] The scout reports were archived in the Prussian State Archive Königsberg.[4] They were collected, organized, and first published in Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum as Die Littauischen Wegeberichte in 1863. The publisher, Theodor Hirsch, was the first to try and match place names in Wegeberichte with present-day locations. He also numbered and named the routes for easier referencing.[5] A Lithuanian translation was prepared by Jurgis Jurginis in 1983, but it contains many inaccuracies. Several other historians studied Wegeberichte, but overall is not a well-researched source.[6] References1. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |first=Edvardas |last=Gudavičius |encyclopedia=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |volume=XIII |location=Vilnius |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas |year=2008 |isbn=978-5-420-01641-1 |page=476 }} 2. ^{{cite book | title=Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345 | first=S. C. | last=Rowell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4hpVJ51y4oC&pg=PA121 | page=121 | year=1994 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series| isbn=9780521450119 }} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Christiansen |first= Eric |title=The Northern Crusades |publisher= Penguin Books |location= London |year= 1997 |isbn= 0-14-026653-4 |page=168}} 4. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia| title=Wegeberichte |encyclopedia=Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija | publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas |location=Vilnius |year=2009 |volume=4 |pages=803–804 |isbn=5-420-01470-X}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |title=Kraštas ir žmonės: Lietuvos geografiniai ir etnografiniai aprašymai (XIV– XIX a.) |edition=2nd |year=1988 | first=Juozas |last=Jurginis |author2=Algirdas Šidlauskas |location=Vilnius |publisher=Mokslas |url=http://forum.istorija.net/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=2214&posts=1&start=1 |isbn=5-420-00168-3}} 6. ^1 {{cite book| first=Vytenis |last=Almonaitis| title=Laukuva| volume=I |series=Lietuvos valsčiai| chapterurl=http://www.llt.lt/pdf/laukuva/istorija-karo_keliai.pdf| chapter=Laukuvos apylinkės kryžiuočių karo kelių aprašymų duomenimis |year=2005 |publisher=Versmė |location=Vilnius |isbn=9955-589-01-9 |pages=171–172}} External links
4 : 14th-century books|Lithuanian chronicles|14th century in the State of the Teutonic Order|14th century in Lithuania |
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