“Dikerogammarus haemobaphes”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Dikerogammarus haemobaphes is a species of freshwater gammarid crustacean. These gammarids are commonly known as demon shrimp, likely because they are an extremely successful invasive species. Native to the Ponto Caspian basin, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes expanded their range in 1955.^[1] This expansion began in Lake Balaton, Hungary and then spread into certain rivers and lakes in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.^[1] These crustaceans likely broadened their range due to the interconnection of waterways in Europe and the use of transportation vectors such as boats and ships.^[2]

Identification

Dikerogammarus haemobaphes have a semi-transparent, white body consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen.^[3] Their body consists of seven segments, each with a pair of pereopods (walking legs). These shrimp are different from other gammarid species as their peduncle, flagellum of antennae, and gnathopods have short bristles rather than long ones.^[3] Males average 16 mm in length, but can grow up to 21 mm. Females range between 7-15 mm long.

Habitat preferences

Invasiveness

The invasion of Dikerogammarus haemobaphes has been shown to negatively impact their new habitat. Demon shrimp are highly successful invaders due to their rapid growth rates and early maturation.^[7] They also have a much higher fecundity than native gammarid species, making them able to increase their population quickly.^[7] Their wide salinity tolerance, sediment preferences, and thermal tolerance also makes them able to successfully invade foreign ecosystems.

Amphipods play a major role in the energy flow within their environment due to their shredding and decomposition activities.^[7] Dikerogammarus haemobaphes has been reported to have lower detrital processing efficiency than native amphipod shrimp, such as Gammarus pulex.^[7] Therefore, a shift in the dominant amphipod species would lead to slower decomposition rates within the environment.^[7] For these reasons, if the demon shrimp take over a particular environment, the energy flow would be altered, which will cause deleterious effects on that particular niche. Since leaf shredding provides fresh and brackish water ecosystems with carbon and organic matter, a decrease in shredding activities would cause these levels to drop.^[8]

In addition to feeding on detritus, Demon shrimp also prey on native shrimp and insect species.^[9] This cannibalistic behavior has a significant impact on community dynamics, disrupting local food chains, and altering ecosystem function.^[7] The demon shrimp’s omnivorous diet also proves advantageous over native gammarid species; as they have more available food sources to sustain their growth.^[7] The wide habitat breadth, carnivorous activities, high fecundity, and rapid growth of Dikerogammarus haemobaphes makes this species an extremely successful invader.

References

1. ^¹{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ans/erss/highrisk/ERSS-Dikerogammarus-haemobaphes-FINAL-July2018.pdf|title=Demon Shrimp (Dikerogammarus haemobaphes)|last=US Fish and Wildlife Services|first=|date=July 6, 2018|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=19&Potential=Y&Type=2&HUCNumber=|title=Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841)|last1=Baker|first1=E|date=January 28, 2015|website=Glansis|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=19&Potential=Y&Type=2&HUCNumber=|title=Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841)|last1=Baker|first1=E|date=January 28, 2015|website=Glansis|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}
4. ^¹{{Cite web|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9001-0|title=Biological and ecological characteristics of invasive species: a gammarid study|last=Devin|first=S|date=April 21, 2006|website=SpringerLink|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
5. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ans/erss/highrisk/ERSS-Dikerogammarus-haemobaphes-FINAL-July2018.pdf|title=Demon Shrimp (Dikerogammarus haemobaphes)|last=US Fish and Wildlife Services|first=|date=July 6, 2018|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-018-1695-2|title=Substrate preferences of coexisting invasive amphipods, Dikerogammarus villosus and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, under field and laboratory conditions|last=Clinton|first=K|date=February 27, 2018|website=SpringerLink|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{Cite web|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-018-1695-2|title=Substrate preferences of coexisting invasive amphipods, Dikerogammarus villosus and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, under field and laboratory conditions|last=Clinton|first=K|date=February 27, 2018|website=SpringerLink|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0530#.XGHOmi0ZPfY|title=Sediment addition reduces the importance of predation on ecosystem functions in experimental stream channels|last=Louhi|first=P|date=June 16, 2016|website=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thevisitor.co.uk/news/environment/watch-out-for-the-demon-shrimp-on-loose-in-river-1-7024163|title=Watch out for the Demon Shrimp on loose in river|last=The Visitor|first=|date=December 30, 2014|website=The Visitor|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}