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词条 Progressive Utilization Theory
释义

  1. History

  2. Theory

      Overview    Law of social cycle and governance    Neohumanism    The five fundamental principles    The market    Economic democracy    Socio-economic units    Progress  

  3. Criticism

  4. References

  5. External links

{{newsrelease|date=April 2018}}{{selfpublished|date=April 2018}}{{COI|date=May 2018}}{{Redirect|PROUT||Prout (disambiguation)}}

Progressive Utilization Theory (PROUT) is a socioeconomic and political theory developed by philosopher and spiritual leader Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar.[1]{{r|"Crovetto2011"}} The theory is based on his holistic outlook of life.{{r|:7|:0}} It is a system of governance[2] that is inspired by capitalist and socialist thought, as well as Sarkar's own ideas. It aims to be economically progressive and improve social development.{{r|:7|p=1}} The theory is in line with Sarkar's Neohumanist values which aim to provide "proper care" to every being on the planet, including humans, animals and plants.{{r|:1}}

History

By 1959, Sarkar had developed the ideas of Prout. In 1961, the theory was formally outlined in his book Ananda Sutram, published under his spiritual name Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti.{{r|Irving}}

In 1968, Sarkar founded the organisation "Proutist Block of India" (PBI), to further the ideals of his theory through political and social action.{{r|fukui|p=357}} The PBI was soon superseded by "Proutist Universal" (PU), which primarily consists of five federations (students, intellectuals, farmers, labour, and youth).{{When|date=May 2018}}

The theory has not achieved widespread implementation.[3]{{When|date=May 2018}} Cooperative communities have been established by Ananda Marga in an attempt to provide ideal models for the society outlined in Prout.[4]{{When|date=May 2018}}

Theory

Overview

Prout proposes a socioeconomic system as an alternative to communism and capitalism, taking ideas from both.[5] Under the system material goods would be common property and distributed in a rational and equitable way to maximize the physical, mental, and spiritual development of all people.[1][7] The distribution intends to guarantee food, clothing, shelter, education, and medical care (what the theory regards as minimum requirements for humans).[1]

Prout advocates a three-tiered approach to industrial organization. Key industries and public utilities would be nonprofit organizations. Decentralized industry run by sociolinguistic unions would provide people's minimum necessities. The majority of economic transactions would be through producers' and consumers' cooperatives.[9] Incentives for people serving society would be funded via surpluses.[9]

At the political level, Prout rejects nationalism. Instead, there would be locally governed self-sufficient socioeconomic zones and a world government.[9][12] There would be a world constitution and a bill of rights for animals and plants, as well as humans.[9]

Law of social cycle and governance

{{main|Law of social cycle}}

Prout takes account of Sarkat's law of social cycle. It sees the social order as consisting of four classes of people that cyclically dominate society: shudras (workers), kshatriyas (warriors), vipras (intellectuals) and vaishyas (acquisitors).[9]

However, Prout does not seek the abolition of these four classes, as it sees them as "... not merely as a power configuration, but as a way of knowing the world, as a paradigm, episteme or deep structure if you will."[15] It considers that any person can be worker, warrior, intellectual or acquisitive minded.[16][1] Further, these different class or psychologies, are not seen as static or mutually exclusive. The theory sees them as evolving over an individual's lifetime.[18]

Prout see the four classes as connected to cyclic processes across time.[15] That when a class of people struggle and rise to power they cause a revolution in the physical and mental world.[15] The theory then see the newly powerful class becoming corrupt.[18][15] To prevent any social class from clinging to political power and exploiting the others, a "spiritual elite" sadvipras (etymologically sad – true, vipra – intellectual) would determine who will hold political leadership.[9] Prout theorises that the first sadvipras would come from disgruntled middle-class intellectuals and warriors.[9]

Sadvipras would be organized into executive, legislative, and judicial boards which would be governed by a Supreme Board.[9] They would be responsible for the application of force necessary to change the order of dominance within the social order. It is envisioned that large amounts of force, akin to revolution, may be necessary.[9]

Neohumanism

{{main|Neohumanism}}

The Prout theory is inline with Sarkar's Neohumanism philosophy. The philosophy is a reinterpretation of humanism{{r|bio|:0}} integrating the idea of unity of all life. In it all living beings belong to a universal family deserving equal care and respect.{{r|:1}}

The five fundamental principles

In 1962, Sarkar formally outlined Prout in sixteen aphorisms (see Chapter 5 of Ananda Sutram[2]). The last five aphorisms (5:12-16) are commonly referred to as the five fundamental principles of Prout. These five principles are deemed to be fundamental because it would be difficult to get a clear understanding of Prout without comprehending the underlying concepts of these principles, the interrelationship of the principles, and their respective areas of application.

The five aphorisms from Ananda Sutram translate into English as follows:[3]

  1. There should be no accumulation of wealth without the permission of society.
  2. There should be maximum utilization and rational distribution of the crude, subtle, and causal resources.
  3. There should be maximum utilization of the physical, mental, and spiritual potentialities of the individual and collective beings.
  4. There should be a well-balanced adjustment among the crude, subtle, and causal utilizations.
  5. Utilizations vary in accordance with time, space, and form; the utilizations should be progressive.

An initial glimpse of these five principles first appeared in Sarkar's earlier work, Idea and Ideology.[4]

The market

As far as Prout's values and goals differ from those of capitalism and communism,[5][6] so does its economic structure. Following a close analysis of the two systems, Prout's propounder argues that these philosophies are "anti-human“ in the sense that they encourage people to relentlessly pursue material attainment, like name, fame, etc.

Another criticism of neo-liberalism and capitalism in general is the centralization of economic power in the hands of the rich leads to the exploitation of the masses and ultimately to the denegeration of society.[7]

Prout claims that both capitalism and communism have been built on shaky foundations, and identifies weaknesses to a point where a new market system is required.[6] He heavily critiqued communism, indicating that one of the reasons the USSRs experiment with communism did not work, causing the eventual implosion of their political structure, is that the sovietic central planning committees (Gosplan) had too much economic decision and cohersion power in the federation (see Marxism–Leninism).[8][9]

Nonetheless, Sarkar observed aspects of market planning that help to create and sustain a healthy economy.[10] In summary, Proutist thought considers that planning allows the market to protect its stakeholders from the meanderings of neo-liberal economics where profit-motive speaks highest.[11] However, he stresses that a planning committee at a national level should only outline the broader aspects of economic development, leaving the details to be resolved by planning bodies at a local level where problems are best understood and more easily dealt with.[12] (see diseconomies of scale). Consequently, this kind of top-down planning will leave communities, enterprises and ultimately workers with a significant level of freedom to decide their own economic future (see decentralized planning).[12]

Prout also claims that the nationalization of enterprises is inefficient due to the larger costs and amount of bureaucracy necessary to keep state-controlled industries running.[13][14] Yet, there are some industries that should be nationalized, operating on a "no-profit, no-loss" principle.[15] Key industries vital for the prosperity of society (such as transportation, energy or hospitals), claims Sarkar, should be run by the immediate government as they are too large of operations to be run conveniently by private business men.[43]

Concerning wealth distribution among the population, Prout argues for an "optimal inequality" where the wage gap between the richer strata of society is substantially subsided.[10] Richard Freeman, a Harvard economist, points out income inequality comes from the monopoly of power and other activities with "negative consequences" in terms of social development.[16] Nonetheless Prout is not in favour of total income equality, claiming that in a society where material motivation to work is absent, the willingness to strive for financial success and to thrive in the creative development of industry and society will be lost in its citizens. Therefore, Sarkar argues for the implementation of a policy allowing the most meritous in society to receive added perks for the added benefits they bring to society. It is thus theorized that the communist's motto of from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs cannot work in the real world. Prout proposes instead a minimum and maximum wage, roughly attributed according to the value the work of each person brings to society. We see examples of attempts in this direction in companies like Mondragon or Whole Foods.

Regarding neo-liberalism, Sarkar throws a new light to the concept of Adam Smith's invisible hand, where individual producers acting self-interest benefit the community as a whole. Prout claims that, unchecked, societies economic elite will disrupt the just circulation of material wealth within society. The market will then require regulatory measures so as to create a functional economic system.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Economic democracy

In relation to democracy, Prout argues that political democracy is not enough to free society from exploitation and what it considers extreme income inequality.[10][17] As Roar Bjonnes, a known Proutist, states, "Unless we have deeper structural change – what we refer to as economic-systems change – we will never be able to solve such global and systemic problems as the environmental and inequality crises. History has demonstrated that political democracy is not enough." [10]

Prout, therefore, advocates an economic democracy where the decision-making power for the economic future of a community is given to its inhabitants. Economic democracy is not a new term, but Sarkar reinvents it by setting four requirements for what he considers a successful one.[10][18] The first and foremost requirement is guaranteeing the minimum requirements of life to all members of society. Secondly, and following one of the five fundamental principles, Prout argues that there should be an increasing purchasing capacity for each individual, stating that local people will have to hold economic power over their socio-economic region.[18] Still, on this regard, Sarkar theorizes that, unlike capitalism, where the production and distribution of goods are mainly decided by market competition, in a Proutistic society it should be based on necessity.[16][5] The third requirement of economic democracy is the decentralization of power, giving the freedom to make economic decisions to its stakeholders.[18] That can be accomplished by adopting a worker-owned cooperative system [19] and by the use of local resources (raw materials and other natural resources) for the development of the region and not merely for export.[18] In summary, Prout advocates a decentralized economy where self-sufficient economic zones are created and organized according to a set of predetermined conditions (see socio-economic units).[10]

Prout claims this requirement does not express xenophobic feelings, it solely claims to be the realization that there should not be a constant outflow of local capital, where natural resources are explored by foreign investment companies that extract assets and money out of the community.[10][20] From a Neohumanist perspective, all people are free to choose where they wish to live, as long as they merge their economic interests with the ones of the local people.

Prout rests upon the concept of a tiered economic structure in which the production and distribution of goods is performed according to three distinctive business models.[43] During his lifetime, he classifies and clarifies the need for these models which are; medium-scale worker-owned cooperatives, small-scale privately owned businesses and government-run large-scale key industries.[43] Sarkar justifies this economic structure by claiming that there are fundamental strengths and weaknesses embedded in each style of business which makes them more suitable for specific industries and scales of operation.[18][43] Cooperatives, he understood, are desirable for the majority of enterprises.[16][43] This claim has been given since that by working together and taking hold of the means of production, cooperative workers and consumers will be safeguarded against different forms of economic exploitation, offering no scope for intermediaries to interfere with their business.[21] However, key industries vital to the development of the country and of strategic importance[22] (such as electrical utilities or the railway system), should be run by the immediate local government. He justified this idea by claiming that these industries are too complex and large scale to be run effectively by a cooperative.[23] Finally, Sarkar defends that small businesses can be privately owned and managed.[22] Enterprises with few employees such as family businesses are encouraged to be self-managed. Sarkarian thought sees that some people have economic dreams that are more individual in nature and hence not suitable to be constrained by collective interests.

In a Prout system there would be no privately owned corporations.[22]

Socio-economic units

A socio-economic unit, or Samaj in Sanskrit, is the Proutist materialization of the collective effort to create a strong and resilient local community, built on strong feelings of solidarity and self-identity.[16] There are a few criteria that Sarkar outlined in order to build a working and cohesive socio-economic unit.[16] In sum, a unit should have common social and economic conditions, geographical potentialities, cultural legacy and language.[18] Similar to bioregions, their purpose is to facilitate cooperative development, moving towards a decentralized economy, where these units are economically independent and self-reliant.[24] Though still guided by national and federal guidelines and laws, they should prepare its own economic plan.

Aiming to achieve maximum efficiency in the utilization of local resources, they propose to make trade across borders more balanced and mutually beneficial.[10]

In Prout these socio-economic units would also create the necessary balance in the world's trade in so much as independently run and self-reliant communities would not need the resources from more developed economic powers seeking to exploit them.[18]

Progress

From Prout's perspective, a progressive society cannot solely be measured by the wealth of a nation or its GDP levels. Prout recognizes the benefits of material progress, but deems them insufficient indicators of the development of human society.[25] It argues that even though progress as its interpreted by society today has its advantages, there are negative side effects that, if unchecked, bring more harm than good. Ronald Logan, author of A new Paradigm of Development, reminds its readers that even though auto and air traffic enables us to travel at increasing speeds, bringing great convenience to travelers and commuters, it also brings air pollution, noise pollution, traffic congestion, accidental deaths, alienation from nature, etc.[25]

Presented with this quasi-paradoxical situation, Prout offers a concept of progress as a society that transcends material and technological development.[10] Moving along the lines of the triple bottom line that analyzes the social, environmental and financial output of a given enterprise, Prout advocates a measure of progress that encompasses the qualities of what could be termed a "fourth bottom line",[6] characterized by the incorporation of a transcendental dimension of human life that focuses on the integrated development of the body, mind and spirit. This fourth bottom line will allow society in general and individuals in particular to develop an expanded sense of identity, allowing for a neohumanist will of inclusion, creating a society where material gains are not the summum bonum of life and allowing space to be created for people to work together in a symbiotic movement that primes for individual and collective welfare through social, cultural, as well as technological development.

Prout acknowledges that the well-being of individuals lies in the development of the collective, and that the collective depends on the development of individuals.[10] Therefore, in order to understand how a progressive society is to be achieved, Sarkar tries to analyze what it means for a human being to grow and develop. He concludes that physical and psychic development render little progress for a human being as they are subject to deterioration and decay.[26] There are multifarious diseases that affect our body and mind, and even if we stay free of them, eventually time will turn all our physical and mental faculties of no use. Sarkar argues that the only aspect of human life that seems to be subject to no change over time is its transcendental nature, the "supra-emotional values" intrinsic to the human mind and which exacerbate human multilateral existence.[26]

"The deepest truths of life are an eternal fountain of inspiration. Spiritual, transpersonal development is a process of expanding one's consciousness to link with the Infinite, to reach a state of deep peace and happiness."[27]

From a Maslownian perspective, Sarkar defends the need to meet physical and mental needs before being able to engage in a journey to find that transcendental nature of the world.[27] The five fundamental principles stem from this idea that society needs to provide for the basic necessities of all human beings so that they can engage in this journey of self-discovery and achieve true progress. Fundamentally, progress in society is the effort through which communities engage in the fulfillment of human needs, with the goal of achieving a transcendental existence. As a goal, transcendence will offer a fourth bottom line which ideally would propel human society into a more peaceful, inclusive and all-round more progressive existence.

Criticism

Prout is a relatively unknown theory.[17] Johan Galtung claimed Prout is unlikely to make it into the western education system:

"P. R. Sarkar was a great thinker and a great practitioner. I have chosen to honor him as a great macrohistorian, focusing on his theory of Social Cycles and their implications for world unity and peace… But, given the ethnocentrism of the USA and Europe, Sarkar will not easily make it into textbooks or courses about civilization" – Johan Galtung [18]

Economist Paul Erdman, in the Los Angeles Times , described Prout as:

"a strange mixture of voodoo historical theories and sound economic analysis"[88]
Ravi Batra was one of the first economists that used the ideas of Prout in his bestseller The Great Depression of 1990. In time, the theory attracted attention of people like Johan Galtung, founder of the UN Institute for Peace studies who claimed that "Sarkar’s theory is far superior to Adam Smith’s or that of Marx." [3]

Some thinkers have proclaimed the pertinence that this theory has in the context of our modern world.[16]{{Who|date=May 2018}} In the foreword of After Capitalism: Prout’s Vision for a New World political philosopher Noam Chomsky wrote, "Alternative visions are crucial at this moment in history. Prout’s cooperative model of economic democracy, based on cardinal human values and sharing the resources of the planet for the welfare of everyone, deserves our serious consideration." [18] In the same book historian Howard Zinn wrote, "After Capitalism is refreshingly original. It is spiritual and utopian while remaining grounded in reality. Its analysis is intelligent and its vision inspiring." [18]

Leonardo Boff, Brazilian theologian and writer, has summed up what he considers to be the importance of Prout:
"The exceptional importance of the Prout system resides in two fundamental points: its completeness and its viability. The entire system comes from a correct understanding of the human being, personal and collective, and authentic human development…" [18]

According to a description by Terry Irving and Rowan Cahill, Prout "envisages a decentralised, community-based world economy of self-sufficiency for the poor; economic democracy; small business; and limits on the accumulation of wealth."[5] Sohail Inayatullah stated that the philosophy "attempts to balance the need for societies to create wealth and grow with the requirements for distribution."[12] David Skrbina characterized Prout as a "model of social development... which advocates a 'small is beautiful' approach to society."[2] Economics instructor Mark Friedman places Sarkar's economic thought in the tradition of Monsignor John A. Ryan, E.F. Schumacher and Herman Daly in Sarkar's incorporation of spiritual values into economic goals.[97]

It has been characterized as a form of "progressive socialism"[4] as well as a "socialist theory".[1]

Hans Despain noted, in Monthly Review, that there are similarities between Prout and the theories of David Schweickart, Gar Alperovitz and Richard D. Wolff. Particularly the focus on economic democracy and co-operatives.[28]

References

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37. ^1 {{cite journal | last=Friedman | first=Mark | title=Living Wage and Optimal Inequality in a Sarkarian Framework | journal=Review of Social Economy | volume=66 | number=1 |date=March 2008 | url=http://www.online.southcentral.edu/students/instructors/MFMyROSEarticle.pdf}}
38. ^{{cite book|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific |last= Fukui |first= Haruhiro |year= 1985 | publisher=Greenwood Press|page=357 |isbn= 978-0-313-21350-2|ref=harv}}
39. ^1 2 {{cite book |last= Inayatullah |first=Sohail |editor1-first= Arthur B. |editor1-last=Shostak|editor1-link= Arthur B. Shostak |title= Viable Utopian Ideas: Shaping a Better World |year=2003 |publisher= M. E. Sharpe, Inc. |location= New York |isbn= 978-0765611055 |pages= 208–216 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=62qjZ2F2B70C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|authorlink=Sohail Inayatullah|accessdate=January 19, 2013 |chapter= Planetary Social and Spiritual Transformation: P. R. Sarkar's Eutopian Vision of the Future |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=62qjZ2F2B70C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
40. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Irving|first1=Terry|authorlink1=|last2=Cahill|first2=Rowan J.|authorlink2=Rowan Cahill|title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes|year=2010|publisher=University of New South Wales Press |location=Sydney|isbn=9781742230931|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm1sh48vld0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=January 19, 2013|page=316|chapter=The Conspiracy Against Ananda Marga|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm1sh48vld0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA316#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
41. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Constance A.|authorlink1=|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|authorlink2=|editor1-first=J. Gordon|editor1-last=Melton|editor1-link=J. Gordon Melton|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=9780816075645|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=January 19, 2013|series=Encyclopedia of World Religions|page=335|chapter=PROUT (est. 1959)|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA335#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
42. ^1 {{cite book|last=Onwuka|first=Ralph I.|title=The OAU/ECA Lagos Plan of Action and Beyond|year=1985|publisher=Brunswick Publishing|location=Lawrenceville, Virginia|isbn=9780931494581|author2=Olayiwola Abegunrin |author3=Dhanjoo N. Ghista |page=185|quote=The main question however is not who owns the property (the individual or the state), since in PROUT the universe is our common patrimony, but how the property is rationally and equitably utilized.}}
43. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Skrbina|first=David|title=NEO-HUMANIST ECOLOGY by Acarya Avadhuta|journal=International Journal on World Peace |date= June 1992 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page= 96 |id= Accessed January 21, 2013 |authorlink= David Skrbina}}
44. ^{{cite journal|last=Skrbina|first=David|title=NEO-HUMANIST ECOLOGY by Acarya Avadhuta|journal=International Journal on World Peace |date= June 1992 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page= 96 |id= Accessed January 21, 2013 |authorlink= David Skrbina}}
[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]
}}

External links

  • {{Official website}}
  • PROUT Institute
  • PROUT Institute of Venezuela
{{Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar}}

6 : Economic ideologies|Political ideologies|Social theories|Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Economic democracy|Theocracy
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