“Project SHAD”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Project SHAD, an acronym for Shipboard Hazard and Defense, was part of a larger effort called Project 112, which was conducted during the 1960s. Project SHAD encompassed tests designed to identify U.S. War Ships' vulnerabilities to attacks with chemical agents or biological warfare agents and to develop procedures to respond to such attacks while maintaining a war-fighting capability.

History

Project SHAD was part of a larger effort by the Department of Defense called Project 112. Project 112 was a chemical and biological weapons research, development, and testing project conducted by the United States Department of Defense and CIA handled by the Deseret Test Center and United States Army Chemical Materials Agency from 1962 to 1973.^[1] The project started under John F. Kennedy's administration, and was authorized by his Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, as part of a total review of the US military. The name of the project refers to its number in the 150 review process.^[2]

Mission

The Shipboard Hazard and Defense Project (SHAD) was a series of tests conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense during the 1960s to determine how well service members aboard military ships could detect and respond to chemical and biological attacks. Dee Dodson Morris of the Army Chemical Corps who coordinated the ongoing investigation, says, "The SHAD tests were intended to show how vulnerable Navy ships were to chemical or biological warfare agents. The objective was to learn how chemical or biological warfare agents would disperse throughout a ship, and to use that information to develop procedures to protect crewmembers and decontaminate ships."^[3] DoD investigators note that over a hundred tests were planned but the lack of test results may indicate that many tests were never actually executed.^[3] 134 tests were planned initially, but reportedly, only 46 tests were actually completed.

Declassification

Public Law 107–314 required the identification and release of not only Project 112 information to the United States Veterans Administration but also that of any other projects or tests where a veteran might have been exposed to a chemical or biological warfare agent and directed The Secretary of Defense to work with veterans and veterans service organizations to identify the other projects or tests conducted by the Department of Defense that may have exposed members of the Armed Forces to chemical or biological agents.^[4] In 2000 the Department of Defense began the process of declassifying records about the project and according to the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, approximately 6,000 U.S. Service members were believed involved in conducting the tests.^[5] In 2002, the Department of Defense began publishing a list of fact sheets for each of the tests.

Identification

Although many of the roughly 5,500 veterans who took part were aware of the tests, some were involved without their knowledge.

Certain issues surrounding the test program were not resolved by the passage of the law and the Department of Defense was accused of continuing to withhold documents on Cold War chemical and biological weapons tests that used unsuspecting veterans as "human samplers" after reporting to Congress it had released all medically relevant information.^[6]

A Government Accounting Office May 2004 report, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel indicates that almost all participants who were identified from Project 112 — 94 percent — were from ship-based tests of Project SHAD that comprised only about one-third of the total number of tests conducted.^[7]

Medical Studies

Jack Alderson, a retired Navy officer who commanded the Army tugboats told CBS News that he believes the Pentagon used him and other service members to test weapons and those tests including agents, vaccines, and decontamination products have led to serious medical problems including cancer.^[8]

Secrecy agreements can now be ignored by veterans in order to pursue healthcare concerns within the Department of Veterans Affairs. The V.A. has offered screening programs for veterans who believe they were involved in DoD sponsored tests during their service. The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has commissioned studies of Project SHAD participants. The first, Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) was released in 2007 and found "no clear evidence that specific long-term health effects are associated with participation in Project SHAD."^[9] The second, Shipboard Hazard and Defense II (SHAD II) by IOM's Medical Follow-up Agency (MFUA) began in 2012 and as of April 2014 is ongoing.^[10]

Locations of SHAD tests

Ships and air units involved

Ships

Air units

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite report |title=Human Experimentation, An Overview on Cold War Era Programs |publisher=General Accounting Office |date=September 28, 1994 |url=http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat2/152601.pdf }}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Ed Regis|title=The Biology of Doom: America's Secret Germ Warfare Project|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HWQ1uzybFwC&pg=PA41|date=1 October 2000|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-5765-2|pages=41–}}
3. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://mcm.dhhq.health.mil/cb_exposures/project112_shad/shadTests.aspx |title=DoD Releases Information on 1960 tests |author=|date=January 4, 2002 |website=Medical Countermeasures |publisher=Department of Defense |accessdate=April 25, 2014}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ314/html/PLAW-107publ314.htm |title=107th Congress Public Law 314, BOB STUMP NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2003 |author= |date=December 2, 2002 |website=U.S. Government Printing Office |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |accessdate=October 1, 2013}}
5. ^About Project 112 and Project SHAD US Dept. of Veteran's Affairs
6. ^{{cite web |author= |date=July 1, 2003 |title=Secrecy Over Cold War WMD Tests |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/secrecy-over-cold-war-wmd-tests/ |location= |publisher= |accessdate=December 19, 2003 }}
7. ^{{Cite report |author= |date=May 2004 |title=Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04410.pdf |publisher=General Accounting Office |page=24 |docket= |accessdate=December 2, 2013 |quote= }}
8. ^Martin, David, "Retired Navy Officer Seeks Justice", CBS News, June 12, 2008.
9. ^Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense)
10. ^Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Shipboard Hazard and Defense II (SHAD II)
11. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²{{cite web|title=Ships Associated with SHAD Tests |url=http://fhp.osd.mil/CBexposures/shad.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110200038/http://fhp.osd.mil/CBexposures/shad.jsp |accessdate=21 September 2012 |archivedate=November 10, 2010 |deadurl=unfit }}