词条 | Dnieper Rapids | |||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The Dnieper Rapids ({{lang-uk|Дніпрові пороги}}, {{lang|uk-latn|Dniprovi porohy}}) are the historic rapids on the Dnieper river composed of outcrops of granites, gneisses and other types of bedrock of the Ukrainian Shield. The rapids began below the present-day city of Dnipro where the river turns to the south, and dropped 50 meters in 66 kilometers, ending before the present-day city of Zaporizhia (whose name literally means beyond the rapids). There were nine major rapids along this path (although some sources give a smaller number) which almost totally obstructed the river for navigation. Also, there were about 30-40 smaller rapids and 60 islands and islets. After the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station was built in 1932, they were inundated by the Dnieper Reservoir. Historic mentions{{see also|trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks}}The Dnieper Rapids were part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle. The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century. On the Dnieper the Varangians had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads. The existence of the rapids was mentioned in Emperor Constantine VII's work De Administrando Imperio[1] and in The Tale of Igor's Campaign. Names of the major rapidsIn Ukrainian tradition, there were 9 major rapids (given in the direction of the river flow as shown in the picture on the right):[2][3]
Names given in transcription from Ukrainian language. Correspondence of some of the names from different historic sources is seen in the table below:
References{{Commonscat|Dnieper Rapids}}1. ^An English translation of De Administrando Imperio. {{coord|48|11|00|N|35|11|20|E|type:landmark_region:UA_dim:100000|display=title}}2. ^Яворницький Д.І. Дніпрові пороги:Альбом фотогр. з географічно-історич. нарисом — Харків: Перша друкарня держ. видавництва України, 1928. — С. 41.(in Ukrainian) 3. ^Омельченко Г. М. Спогади лоцмана порогів Дніпрових.- Дніпропетровськ: Січ, 1998.(in Ukrainian) 4. ^pp 172-174, "Russian and the Slavonic Languages", by W.J.Entwistle and A.Morison, publ. Faber & Faber, 1949 & 1969. 7 : Geography of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Varangians|Rivers of Ukraine|History of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|History of Zaporizhia Oblast|Geography of Zaporizhia Oblast|Rapids |
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