| 词条 | Dolichovespula arenaria |
| 释义 |
| name = Dolichovespula arenaria | image = Gilles Gonthier - Dolichovespula arenaria (by).jpg | taxon = Dolichovespula arenaria | authority = (Fabricius, 1775) }}Dolichovespula arenaria, also known as the common aerial yellowjacket, sandhills hornet, and common yellow hornet, is a species of wasps within the Dolichovespula genus widely distributed in the North American continent.[1][2][3] Taxonomy and phylogenyThe genus Dolichovespula is in the family Vespidae. In North America, the genus is referred to as yellowjackets.[4] Within the genus, there are eighteen species, including D. arenaria and other species such as D. albida, D. alpicola, Dolichovespula saxonica, and D. maculata.[1][5] Description and identificationD. arenaria can be identified by the medially interrupted or incised apical fasciae of terga 1 and 2.[6] They are yellow in color and can be differentiated by the other yellow-colored wasps, D. adulterina, in its genus by the lack of black markings in the ocular sinus.[6]In the majority of the population, the ocular sinus is yellow, but some melanic males have a black area that reaches the lower margin of the sinus. The queen has large black discal spots on terga 4 and 5, and smaller ones on terga 2 and 3.[6] Males can be identified by the larger antenna, spots on their basal band on terga 4 and 5 as well as an abdomen that ends with a flat "fuzzy butt" instead of a pointed stinger.[6] Nest size ranges from 1-6 combs, and are made out of dull grey paper. However, color variations do occasionally occur due to available materials. [4] Distribution and habitatThe common aerial yellowjacket lives across Canada and the United States.[1][7] They occur from north central Alaska to as far south as New Mexico and Arizona. D. arenaria are in fact one of the most common aerial yellowjackets found in eastern North America,[6] and nests can be found in arboreal to subterranean habitats. Their nests are made from paper-like material and are usually found in trees and shrubs. In urban settings, their nests are frequently found on buildings.[4] Colony cycleA queen initiates a colony in the spring by choosing a site and building a small paper nest where it lays its eggs. Then, the eggs hatch from the brood cell and the queen feeds the larvae.[8] These larvae eventually become workers and the colony continues to grow and peaks in the summer.[8] The workers are morphologically distinct from the queen. The single queen heads the annual nests by producing workers In the Dolichovespula genus, male (drone) production by workers is common and there exists high worker relatedness due to low effective paternity within nests.[9] In general, these colonies flourish for roughly a year before they dwindle as the winter sets in.[8] Interaction with Other SpeciesPredatorsBecause yellow hornets generally locate their nests high in trees, their primary predators are fairly limited to birds and occasionally other hornets. Also, many mammals will take the opportunity to go after an ill-placed nest in order to eat the nutrient-rich larva. These would include skunks, possums, raccoons, bears and other opportunistic critters.[4] DietDolichovespula arenaria workers are known to mostly prey on live arthropods of a wide variety such as grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, spiders, flies, lacewings, and even lady beetles (which are generally avoided by Vespula species).[4] They also prey on larvae of the fall webworm, as well as young hummingbirds. In general, they are not attracted to protein baits. Occasionally, however, Dolichovespula may feed on animal carcasses— such feeding has been observed on carcasses of a dog, pig, and snake.[4] They are commonly seen to prey in higher trees (2–4 m).[10]DefenseIn general, it has been observed that smaller colonies are less aggressive than larger ones. There are differing observations of the D. arenaria’s personality, one stating that they are quarrelsome and then other arguing that they are not.[4] But this difference may lie in the fact that the first observation was observing the behavior when approaching a D. arenaria nest, whereas the other was describing the behavior of workers away from their nest individually. Smaller colonies’ colony defense behavior is said to be unpredictable and erratic.[4] Venom sprayingUnique to D. arenaria is the observed spraying of venom out of their sting that has been seen from workers in large colonies. The "spray sting type," the term given to the venom ejecting mechanism of these wasps, involves the contraction of the venom reservoir muscles.[4] This venom spraying mechanism is said to allow for a greater release of alarm pheromone in the venom. The alarm pheromone is key to elicit the attack behavior of yellowjackets.[11] ParasitesThere are two common parasites of D. arenaria nests—Sphecophaga vesparum burra, an ichneumonid, and D. artcica, a vespid social parasite.[4] Female bee moths (Aphomia sociella) have also been known to lay their eggs in D. arenaria nests. The hatched larvae will then proceed to feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the yellowjacket, sometimes destroying large parts of the nest as they tunnel throughout looking for food.[12] Sphecophaga vesparum burraThe rates of Sphecophaga vesparum burra parasitism are low and their existence within the nest doesn’t appear to hinder colony development.[4] In this aspect D. arenaria are unique among Dolichovespula studied. Dolichovespula articaD. arctica are not well known. These common wasps rely on new nests to rear offspring since they do not have their own worker caste. The parasite kills the foundress queen before the production of her workers is complete and takes over the nest. The lifespan of the parasite after the host queen's death is limited.[4]See also
References1. ^1 2 {{citation|author=VanDyk, John |title=Species Dolichovespula Arenaria - Common Aerial Yellowjacket|work=BugGuide |publisher=Iowa State University Entomology, n.d. |date=25 Sep 2014 |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/12983}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Dolichovespula_arenaria/|title=ADW: Dolichovespula arenaria: INFORMATION|work=Animal Diversity Web}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Dolichovespula+arenaria|title=Dolichovespula arenaria - Aerial yellowjacket -- Discover Life|work=discoverlife.org}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Greene, Alex. "The Aerial Yellowjacket Dolichovespula Arenaria." Academia.edu. Department of Entomology - Washington State University, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. 5. ^"Dolichovespula Arenaria." ITIS Standard Report Page. Integrated Taxonomic Information System, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. 6. ^1 2 3 4 Buck, M., Marshall, S.A. and Cheung D.K.B. 2008. Identification Atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 5: 492 pp. (PDF version). Published on 19 February 2008. With 3 Tables and 1073 Figures (doi: 10.3752/cjai.2008.05). 7. ^Dolichovespula arenaria (Department of Biological Sciences of the University of Alberta) 8. ^1 2 Carpenter, J.M., and Kojima, J. 1997. Checklist of the species in the subfamily Vespinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Natural History Bulletin of Ibaraki University,1: 51–92. 9. ^Foster, Kevin R., and Francis L. Ratnieks. "Paternity, reproduction, and conflict in vespine wasps: a model system for testing kin selection predictions."Behavioral ecology and sociobiology50.1 (2001): 1-8. 10. ^Akre, Roger D., Hal C. Reed, and P. J. Landolt. "Nesting Biology and Behavior of the Blackjacket, Vespula Consobrina." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (1982): 373-405. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. 11. ^Gibo, David L. "Overwintering of Polistes Fuscatus in Canada: Use of Abandoned Nests of Dolichovespula Arenaria." Journal of the New York Entomological Society 88.2 (1980): 146–150. Web. 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gambino|first=Parker|date=1995|title=Dolichovespula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Hosts of Aphomia sociella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)|jstor=25010152|journal=Journal of the New York Entomological Society|volume=103|issue=2|pages=165–169|doi=10.2307/25010152}} External links{{commons category|Dolichovespula arenaria}}
5 : Vespidae|Hymenoptera of North America|Insects of the United States|Insects of Canada|Insects described in 1775 |
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