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词条 Proteobacteria
释义

  1. Characteristics

  2. Taxonomy

  3. Transformation

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Proteobacteria
| image = EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg
| image_caption = Escherichia coli
| taxon = Proteobacteria
| authority = Stackebrandt et al., 1988,[1] Garrity et al. 2005[1]
| subdivision_ranks = Class
| subdivision =Alphaproteobacteria[2]
Betaproteobacteria[3]
Hydrogenophilalia[3]
Gammaproteobacteria[4]
Acidithiobacillia[4]
Deltaproteobacteria[5]
Epsilonproteobacteria[6]
Oligoflexia[7]

}}

Proteobacteria is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales and many other notable genera.[8] Others are free-living (non-parasitic) and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation.

Carl Woese established this grouping in 1987, calling it informally the "purple bacteria and their relatives".[9] Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, it was named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea capable of assuming many different shapes and is not named after the Proteobacteria genus Proteus.[10][11]

Some Alphaproteobacteria can grow at very low levels of nutrients and have unusual morphology such as stalks and buds. Others include agriculturally important bacteria capable of inducing nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with plants. The type order is the Caulobacterales, comprising stalk-forming bacteria such as Caulobacter.

The Betaproteobacteria are highly metabolically diverse and contain chemolithoautotrophs, photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs. The type order is the Burkholderiales, comprising an enormous range of metabolic diversity, including opportunistic pathogens.

The Hydrogenophilalia are obligate thermophiles and include heterotrophs and autotrophs. The type order is the Hydrogenophilales.

The Gammaproteobacteria are the largest class in terms of species with validly published names. The type order is the Pseudomonadales, which include the genera Pseudomonas and the nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter.

The Acidithiobacillia contain only sulfur, iron and uranium-oxidising autotrophs. The type order is the Acidithiobacillales, which includes economically important organisms used in the mining industry such as Acidithiobacillus spp.

The Deltaproteobacteria include bacteria that are predators on other bacteria and are important contributors to the anaerobic side of the sulfur cycle. The type order is the Myxococcales, which includes organisms with self-organising abilities such as Myxococcus spp.

The Epsilonproteobacteria are often slender, Gram-negative rods that are helical or curved. The type order is the Campylobacterales, which includes important food pathogens such as Campylobacter spp.

The Oligoflexia are filamentous aerobes. The type order is the Oligoflexales, which contains the genus Oligoflexus.

Characteristics

All "Proteobacteria" are Gram-negative (though some may stain Gram-positive or Gram-variable in practice), with an outer membrane mainly composed of lipopolysaccharides. Many move about using flagella, but some are nonmotile or rely on bacterial gliding. The latter include the myxobacteria, an order of bacteria that can aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. Also, a wide variety in the types of metabolism exists. Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, and heterotrophic, but numerous exceptions occur. A variety of genera, which are not closely related to each other, convert energy from light through photosynthesis.

"Proteobacteria" are associated with the imbalance of microbiota of the lower reproductive tract of women. These species are associated with inflammation.[12] "Proteobacteria" are part of a normal, healthy placental microbiome.[13]

Taxonomy

{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of "Proteobacteria"
|caption=Phylogeny of the "Proteobacteria" according to ARB living tree, iTOL, Bergey's and others
|cladogram={{clade
|1=Acidobacteria
|2={{clade
|1=Deltaproteobacteria
|2={{clade
|1=Epsilonproteobacteria
|2={{clade
|1=Alphaproteobacteria
|2={{clade
|1=Zetaproteobacteria
|2={{clade
|1=Gammaproteobacteria
|2=Betaproteobacteria
             }}           }}         }}       }}     }}   }}

}}

The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. The "Proteobacteria" are divided into six classes with validly published names, referred to by the Greek letters alpha through epsilon and the Acidithiobacillia and Oligoflexia. These were previously regarded as subclasses of the phylum, but they are now treated as classes.

These classes are monophyletic.[14][15][16] The genus Acidithiobacillus, part of the Gammaproteobacteria until it was transferred to class Acidithiobacillia in 2013,[17] was previously regarded as paraphyletic to the Betaproteobacteria according to multigenome alignment studies.[18] In 2017, the Betaproteobacteria was subject to major revisions and the class Hydrogenophilalia was created to contain the order Hydrogenophilales[19]

Proteobacterial classes with validly published names include some prominent genera:[20] e.g.:

  • Alphaproteobacteria: Brucella, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Caulobacter, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, etc.
  • Betaproteobacteria: Bordetella, Ralstonia, Neisseria, Nitrosomonas, etc.
  • Gammaproteobacteria: Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Buchnera, Haemophilus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, etc.
  • Deltaproteobacteria: Desulfovibrio, Geobacter, Bdellovibrio, etc.
  • Epsilonproteobacteria: Helicobacter, Campylobacter, Wolinella, etc.
  • Oligoflexia: Oligoflexus.
  • Acidithiobacillia: Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Thermithiobacillus tepidarius
  • Hydrogenophilalia: Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus, Tepidiphilus margaritifer

Transformation

Transformation, a process in which genetic material passes from bacterium to another,[21] has been reported in at least 30 species of "Proteobacteria" distributed in the classes alpha, beta, gamma and epsilon.[22] The best-studied "Proteobacteria" with respect to natural genetic transformation are the medically important human pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae (class beta), Haemophilus influenzae (class gamma) and Helicobacter pylori (class epsilon).[23] Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome. In pathogenic "Proteobacteria", transformation appears to serve as a DNA repair process that protects the pathogen's DNA from attack by their host's phagocytic defenses that employ oxidative free radicals.[23]

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

1. ^Garrity, G. M., Bell, J. A. & Lilburn, T. (2005). Phylum XIV. Proteobacteria phyl. nov. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), p. 1. Edited by D. J. Brenner, N. R. Krieg, J. T. Staley & G. M. Garrity. New York: Springer.
2. ^{{cite book | vauthors = Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T | chapter = Class I. Alphaproteobacteria class. nov. | veditors = Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 2: The Proteobacteria Part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria | edition=2nd | publisher = Springer | year = 2005 | page=1 | doi=10.1002/9781118960608.cbm00041| isbn = 9781118960608 }}
3. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Boden R, Hutt LP, Rae AW |year=2017 |title=Reclassification of Thiobacillus aquaesulis (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as Annwoodia aquaesulis gen. nov., comb. nov., transfer of Thiobacillus (Beijerinck, 1904) from the Hydrogenophilales to the Nitrosomonadales, proposal of Hydrogenophilalia class. nov. within the "Proteobacteria", and four new families within the orders Nitrosomonadales and Rhodocyclales. |journal= International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=1191–1205 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.001927|pmid=28581923 }}
4. ^1 {{cite journal | author = Williams KP, Kelly DP | year = 2013 | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | title = Proposal for a new class within the phylum Proteobacteria, Acidithiobacillia classis nov., with the type order Acidithiobacillales, and emended description of the class Gammaproteobacteria. | volume = 63 | pages = 2901–2906 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.049270-0| pmid = 23334881 }}
5. ^{{cite book | vauthors = Kuever J, Rainey FA, Widdel F | chapter = Class IV. Deltaproteobacteria class. nov. | veditors = Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 2: The Proteobacteria Part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria | edition=2nd | publisher = Springer | year = 2005 | page=922 | doi = 10.1002/9781118960608.cbm00043| isbn = 9781118960608 }}
6. ^{{cite book | vauthors = Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T | chapter = Class V. Epsilonproteobacteria class. nov. | veditors = Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 2: The Proteobacteria Part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria | edition=2nd | publisher = Springer | year = 2005 | page=1145 | doi=10.1002/9781118960608.cbm00044| isbn = 9781118960608 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | authors = Nakai R, Nishijima M, Tazato N, Handa Y, Karray F, Sayadi S, Isoda H, Naganuma T | year = 2014 | title = Oligoflexus tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative, aerobic, filamentous bacterium of a novel proteobacterial lineage, and description of Oligoflexaceae fam. nov., Oligoflexales ord. nov. and Oligoflexia classis nov. | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 64 | issue = Pt 10 | pages =3353–3359 | doi=10.1099/ijs.0.060798-0| pmid = 25013226 | pmc =4179278 }}
8. ^{{cite book | author = Madigan, M. and J. Martinko. (eds.) | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-13-144329-7 }}
9. ^{{Cite journal|pmid=2439888|year=1987|last1=Woese|first1=CR|title=Bacterial evolution|volume=51|issue=2|pages=221–71|pmc=373105|journal=Microbiological Reviews}}
10. ^1 {{Cite journal|doi=10.1099/00207713-38-3-321|title=Proteobacteria classis nov., a Name for the Phylogenetic Taxon That Includes the "Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives"|year=1988|last1=Stackebrandt|first1=E.|last2=Murray|first2=R. G. E.|last3=Truper|first3=H. G.|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|volume=38|issue=3|pages=321–325 }}
11. ^{{cite web | title=Proteobacteria | work=Discover Life: Tree of Life | url=http://stri.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?tree=Proteobacteria&res=800 | accessdate=2007-02-09}}
12. ^{{cite book | last = Bennett | first = John | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781455748013 |postscript=; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh}}
13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mor|first1=Gil|last2=Kwon|first2=Ja-Young|title=Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=213|issue=4|year=2015|pages=S131–S137|issn=0002-9378|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039| pmid=26428492}}
14. ^{{cite book|author1=Noel R. Krieg |author2=Don J. Brenner |author3=James T. Staley |title=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: The Proteobacteria|isbn=978-0-387-95040-2|publisher=Springer|year=2005}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|pmid=16513982|year=2006|last1=Ciccarelli|first1=FD|last2=Doerks|first2=T|last3=Von Mering|first3=C|last4=Creevey|first4=CJ|last5=Snel|first5=B|last6=Bork|first6=P|title=Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life|volume=311|issue=5765|pages=1283–7|doi=10.1126/science.1123061|journal=Science|citeseerx=10.1.1.381.9514}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|pmid=20817437|year=2010|last1=Yarza|first1=P|last2=Ludwig|first2=W|last3=Euzéby|first3=J|last4=Amann|first4=R|last5=Schleifer|first5=KH|last6=Glöckner|first6=FO|last7=Rosselló-Móra|first7=R|title=Update of the All-Species Living Tree Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses|volume=33|issue=6|pages=291–9|doi=10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001|journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology}}.
17. ^{{Cite journal|pmid=23334881|year=2013|last1=Williams|first1=KP|last2=Kelly|first2=DP|title=Proposal for a new class within the phylum Proteobacteria, Acidithiobacillia classis nov., with the type order Acidithiobacillales, and emended description of the class Gammaproteobacteria|volume=63|issue=Pt 8|pages=2901–6|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.049270-0|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}}
18. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1128/JB.01480-09|title=Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria|year=2010|last1=Williams|first1=K. P.|last2=Gillespie|first2=J. J.|last3=Sobral|first3=B. W. S.|last4=Nordberg|first4=E. K.|last5=Snyder|first5=E. E.|last6=Shallom|first6=J. M.|last7=Dickerman|first7=A. W.|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=192|issue=9|pages=2305–14|pmid=20207755|pmc=2863478 }}
19. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.001927|title=Reclassification of Thiobacillus aquaesulis (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as Annwoodia aquaesulis gen. nov., comb. nov., transfer of Thiobacillus (Beijerinck, 1904) from the Hydrogenophilales to the Nitrosomonadales, proposal of Hydrogenophilalia class. nov. within the Proteobacteria, and four new families within the orders Nitrosomonadales and Rhodocyclales.|year=2017|last1=Boden|first1=R. |last2=Hutt|first2=L. P. |last3=Rae|first3=A. W. |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=67|issue=5|pages=1191–1205|pmid=28581923 }}
20. ^Interactive Tree of Life
21. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP |title=Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=181–96 |year=2014 |pmid=24509783 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro3199 |url=}}
22. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnsborg O, Eldholm V, Håvarstein LS |title=Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms and function |journal=Res. Microbiol. |volume=158 |issue=10 |pages=767–78 |year=2007 |pmid=17997281 |doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004 |url=}}
23. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM |title=Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=267–85 |year=2008 |pmid=18295550 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002 |url=}}

External links

{{Wikispecies}}
  • Proteobacteria information from Palaeos.
  • Proteobacteria. – J. P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature.
{{Bacteria classification}}{{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}}{{Life on Earth}}{{Portal bar|Biology}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q130999}}

3 : Proteobacteria|Gram-negative bacteria|Bacteria phyla
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