词条 | Protonation |
释义 |
In chemistry, protonation is the addition of a proton (H+) to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming the conjugate acid.[1] Some examples include
H2SO4 + H2O {{eqm}} H3O+ + {{chem|HSO|4|-}}
(CH3)2C=CH2 + HBF4 {{eqm}} (CH3)3C+ + {{chem|BF|4|-}}
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) Protonation is a fundamental chemical reaction and is a step in many stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Some ions and molecules can undergo more than one protonation and are labeled polybasic, which is true of many biological macromolecules. Protonation and deprotonation (removal of a proton) occur in most acid-base reactions; they are the core of most acid-base reaction theories. A Brønsted–Lowry acid is defined as a chemical substance that protonates another substance. Upon protonating a substrate, the mass and the charge of the species each increase by one unit, making it an essential step in certain analytical procedures such as electrospray mass spectrometry. Protonating or deprotonating a molecule or ion can change many other chemical properties, not just the charge and mass, for example hydrophilicity, reduction potential, and optical properties can change. Rates of protonation and deprotonationProtonations are often rapid, partly because of the high mobility of protons in many solvents. The rate of protonation is related to the acidity of the protonating species: protonation by weak acids is slower than protonation of the same base by strong acids. The rates of protonation and deprotonation can be especially slow when protonation induces significant structural changes.[2] Reversibility and catalysisProtonation is usually reversible, and the structure and bonding of the conjugate base are normally unchanged on protonation. In some cases, however, protonation induces isomerization, for example cis-alkenes can be converted to trans-alkenes using a catalytic amount of protonating agent. Many enzymes, such as the serine hydrolases, operate by mechanisms that involve reversible protonation of substrates. See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Zumdahl|first=S. S.|title=Chemistry|publisher=Heath|date=1986|location=Lexington, MA|ISBN=0-669-04529-2}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kramarz|first1=K. W.|last2=Norton|first2=J. R.|title=Slow Proton Transfer Reactions in Organometallic and Bioinorganic Chemistry|journal=Progress in Inorganic Chemistry|year=1994|volume=42|pages=1–65|doi=10.1002/9780470166437.ch1}} 2 : Chemical reactions|Reaction mechanisms |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。