“Provinces of China”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Provincial-level administrative divisions ({{zh |s = 省级行政区 |p = shěng-jí xíngzhèngqū }}), or first-level administrative divisions ({{zh |s = 一级行政区 |p = yī-jí xíngzhèngqū |labels = no }}), are the highest-level Chinese administrative divisions. There are 34 such divisions, classified as 23 provinces ({{zh |c = 省 |hp = shěng }}), four municipalities, five autonomous regions, and two Special Administrative Regions. All but Taiwan Province and a small fraction of Fujian Province (currently administered by the Republic of China) are controlled by the People's Republic of China.

Note that every province (except Hong Kong and Macau, the two special administrative regions) has a Communist Party of China provincial committee ({{zh |s = 省委 |links = no |p = shěngwěi }}), headed by a secretary ({{zh |s = 书记 |links = no |p = shūjì }}). The committee secretary is effectively in charge of the province, rather than the nominal governor of the provincial government.^[4]

Types of provincial-level divisions

Province

The government of each standard province ({{zh |c = 省 |p = shěng |links = no }}) is nominally led by a provincial committee, headed by a secretary. The committee secretary is first-in-charge of the province; second-in-command is the governor of the provincial government.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims the island of Taiwan and its surrounding islets, including Penghu, as "Taiwan Province", though Taiwan has not been under control of a government that ruled from mainland China since 1949, when the Republic of China lost the mainland to the Communist Party of China, which established the PRC. (Kinmen and the Matsu Islands are claimed by the PRC as part of its Fujian Province. Pratas and Itu Aba are claimed by the PRC as part of Guangdong and Hainan provinces respectively.) The territory is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC, commonly called "Taiwan").

Municipality

A municipality ({{zh |s = 直辖市 |t = 直轄市 |p = zhíxiáshì |l = direct-administrated city |links = no }}) or municipality directly under the administration of the central government is a higher level of city which is directly under the Chinese government, with status equal to that of the provinces. In practice, their political status is higher than that of common provinces.

Autonomous region

An autonomous region ({{zh |s = 自治区 |t = 自治區 |p = zìzhìqū |links = no }}) is a minority subject which has a higher population of a particular minority ethnic group along with its own local government, but an autonomous region theoretically has more legislative rights than in actual practice. The governor of each autonomous region is usually appointed from the respective minority ethnic group.

Special administrative region (SAR)

A special administrative region (SAR) ({{zh |s = 特别行政区 |t = 特別行政區 |p = tèbié xíngzhèngqū |links = no }}) is a highly autonomous and self-governing sub national subject of the People's Republic of China that is directly under the Central People's Government. Each SAR has a chief executive as head of the region and head of government. The region's government is not fully independent, as foreign policy and military defence are the responsibility of the central government, according to the basic laws.

List of province-level divisions

History

Sui provinces

By the time unity was finally reestablished by the Sui dynasty, the provinces had been divided and redivided so many times by different governments that they were almost the same size as commanderies, rendering the two-tier system superfluous. As such, the Sui merged the two together. In English, this merged level is translated as "prefectures". In Chinese, the name changed between zhou and jun several times before being finally settled on zhou. Based on the apocryphal Nine Province system, the Sui restored nine zhou.^[8]

Tang provinces

Emperor Taizong (r. 626–649) set up 10 "circuits" (道, dào) in 627 as inspection areas for imperial commissioners monitoring the operation of prefectures, rather than a new primary level of administration. In 639, there were 10 circuits, 43 commanderies (都督府, dūdū fǔ), and 358 prefectures (州 and later 府, fǔ).{{sfn|Twitchett|1979|pp=203, 205}} In 733, Emperor Xuanzong expanded the number of circuits to 15 by establishing separate circuits for the areas around Chang'an and Luoyang, and by splitting the large Shannan and Jiangnan circuits into 2 and 3 new circuits respectively. He also established a system of permanent inspecting commissioners, though without executive powers.{{sfn|Twitchett|1979|p=404}}

Song provinces

The Song goverment abolished the previous commissioners and renamed their circuits 路 (lù, literally meaning "roads", but however is still usually translated into English as "circuits"). They also added a number of "army" prefectures (軍/军, jūn).

Yuan provinces

China was reoragnised into 11 provinces keeping most of the previous boundaries of provinces created by the previous dynasty unchanged, the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) had 2 addition regions: Central region ruled by the Zhongshu Sheng ({{lang|zh-Hans|中書省}}) and the Tibetan region ruled by the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs ({{lang|zh-Hans|宣政院}}).

Ming provinces

The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) kept the province system set up by the Yuan Dynasty, however, it divided the original 10 provinces into 16 provinces, later 2 capital metropolitan areas and 13 provinces ({{lang|zh-hant|兩京十三省}}) within China proper and 5 additional military ruled regions.

Qing provinces

By the time of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) in 1644 there were 18 provinces, all of them in China proper ({{lang|zh-hant|內地十八省}}).

New provinces

Each province had a xunfu ({{zh|labels=no|t=巡撫|p=xúnfǔ}}; translated as "governor"), a political overseer on behalf of the emperor, and a tidu ({{zh|labels=no|t=提督|p=tídū}}; translated as "captain general"), a military governor. In addition, there was a zongdu ({{zh|labels=no|t=總督|p=zǒngdū}}), a general military inspector or governor general, for every two to three provinces.

Outer regions of China (those beyond China proper) were not divided into provinces. Military leaders or generals ({{zh|labels=no|t=將軍|p=jiāngjūn}}) oversaw Manchuria (consisting of Fengtian (now Liaoning), Jilin, Heilongjiang), Xinjiang, and Mongolia, while vice-dutong ({{zh|labels=no|t=副都統|p=fù dūtǒng}}) and civilian leaders headed the leagues ({{zh|labels=no|t=盟長|p=méng zhǎng}}), a subdivision of Mongolia. The ambans ({{zh|labels=no|t=駐藏大臣|p=zhù cáng dàchén}}) supervised the administration of Tibet.

In 1884 Xinjiang became a province; in 1907 Fengtian, Jilin, and Heilongjiang were made provinces as well. Taiwan became a province in 1885, but China ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895. As a result, there were 22 provinces in China (Outer China and China proper) near the end of the Qing Dynasty.

ROC provinces (1912–1949)

The Republic of China, established in 1912, set up four more provinces in Inner Mongolia and two provinces in historic Tibet, bringing the total to 28. In 1931, Ma Zhongying established Hexi in the northern parts of Gansu but the ROC never acknowledged the province. However, China lost four provinces with the establishment of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria. After the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945, China re-incorporated Manchuria as 10 provinces, and assumed control of Taiwan as a province. As a result, the Republic of China in 1946 had 35 provinces. Although the Republic of China now only controls one province (Taiwan), and some islands of a second province (Fujian), it continues to formally claim all 35 provinces (including those that no longer form part of the area of the People's Republic of China).

Other province-level divisions

List of PRC province-level divisions

Greater administrative areas

Provinces

Autonomous regions

Municipalities

Special administrative regions

Administrative territories

Regions

Territories

The People's Republic of China abolished many of the provinces in the 1950s and converted a number of them into autonomous regions. Hainan became a separate province in 1988, bringing the total number of provinces under PRC control to 22.

"Lost territories" of China

During the 20th century, China claimed that numerous neighbouring countries and regions in Asia were "lost territories" of China.^[9]^[10] Many of these "lost territories" were under the rule of Imperial Chinese dynasties or were tributary states.^[9] Sun Yat-sen claimed that these territories were lost due to unequal treaties, forceful occupation and annexation, and foreign interference. Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, among others, were supportive of these claims.^[11] China published a series of maps during this time known as a "Map of National Shame" ({{zh| t = 國恥地圖| p = Guóchǐ dìtú}}) which showcased some of the "lost territories" that had links to various Imperial Chinese dynasties.

Economies

The provinces in south coastal area of China—such as Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian and (mainly) Guangdong—tend to be more industrialized, with regions in the hinterland less developed.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news | url=http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1465&CtNode=1347 | work=Taiwan Review | title=Gone with the Times | date=October 1999 | accessdate=2012-01-11 | last=Hwang | first=Jim | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226030251/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1465&CtNode=1347 | archivedate=2012-02-26 | df= }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/3fcdb33a-9238-44ca-8e4b-ebdb9c868e8e/E_MN_PUB_2016_Y.aspx |title=Macao in Figures |publisher=Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region Statistics and Census Service |year=2016 |accessdate=2018-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105222251/https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/3fcdb33a-9238-44ca-8e4b-ebdb9c868e8e/E_MN_PUB_2016_Y.aspx# |archive-date=2018-11-05 |dead-url=no |df= }}
3. ^{{cite web |script-title = zh:6-1 自然资源划 |language = zh |trans-title = 6-1 Overview of natural resources |url = http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2014xjtjnj/zyhj_2014/201506/t20150630_472020.html |publisher = Xinjiang Bureau of Statistics |accessdate = 19 December 2015 |title = Archived copy |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152943/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2014xjtjnj/zyhj_2014/201506/t20150630_472020.html# |archive-date = 2015-12-22 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.zgwxbbs.com/xinwenzixun/guoneixinwen/4953.html|script-title=zh:省委书记能任免省长吗？省委书记和省长的级别谁大|last=|first=|date=|website=周公网讯网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917090220/http://www.zgwxbbs.com/xinwenzixun/guoneixinwen/4953.html#|archive-date=2017-09-17|dead-url=no|access-date=2018-08-20|title=Archived copy|df=}}
5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/design/chinastdb_1210.doc# |title=GB/T 2260 codes for the provinces of China |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040305025950/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/design/chinastdb_1210.doc# |archive-date=2004-03-05 |dead-url=no |df= }}
6. ^CN (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of China)
7. ^{{cite web|title=Doing Business in China – Survey|url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/|publisher=Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China|accessdate=5 August 2013|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130805091244/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/#|archive-date=2013-08-05|dead-url=no|df=}}
8. ^"What were the ancient 9 provinces?" on www.chinahistoryforum.com
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{Cite book |title=Revolution, State Succession, International Treaties and the Diaoyu/Diaoyutai Islands |last=Tseng |first=Hui-Yi |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2017 |isbn= 9781443893688 |page = 66 }}
10. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹{{Cite book |title=China, the United Nations, and World Order |last=Kim |first=Samuel S. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1979 |isbn= 9780691100760 |page = 43 }}
11. ^{{cite book |title=China and International Law: The Boundary Disputes |last=Tzou |first=Byron N. |publisher=Praeger |year=1990 |isbn=9780275934620 |page = 77 }}