“Draft:Congruence”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Draft:Congruence

释义

Mathematics
Psychology
References
See also

{{info|This is an open draft. Any editor is welcome to contribute to it.

This draft is intended to create a primary topic article to replace the current disambiguation page at this title.

}}{{other uses|Congruence (disambiguation)}}Congruence (symbol: ≅) is a concept in various fields describing a state achieved by coming together, the state of agreement. The Latin {{lang|la|congruō}} meaning “I meet together, I agree”. As an abstract term, congruence means similarity between objects, and in this context it has been noted that "the concept of congruence plays an important role within the theoretical description of our world".^[1] Congruence, as opposed to approximation, is a relation which implies a species of equivalence. In various social situations, such as the design of business organizations, "congruence is a measure of how well pairs of components fit together".^[2]

"[T]he relation of congruence that holds between objects that are divided spatially is undetermined unless the concept of congruence has been fixed by definitions. In this sense, the definition may again be called a “logical presupposition concerning measurements”. And since it is achieved by a coordination of the concept of congruence with “a real object”, here again we have a case of a coordinative definition."^[3]

Congruence may "refer indifferently to any species of metrical equality".^[4] One source describes congruence as encompassing "three major properties: consistency, reciprocity, and coherence.^[5]

Mathematics

Congruence (geometry), being isometric — roughly, the same size and shape
Congruence or congruence relation, in abstract algebra, an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure that is compatible with the structure
In modular arithmetic, having the same remainder when divided by a specified integer
- Ramanujan's congruences, congruences for the partition function, {{math|p(n)}}, first discovered by Ramanujan in 1919
- Congruence subgroup, a subgroup defined by congruence conditions on the entries of a matrix group with integer entries
- Congruence of squares, in number theory, a congruence commonly used in integer factorization algorithms
Congruence (manifolds), in the theory of smooth manifolds, the set of integral curves defined by a nonvanishing vector field defined on the manifold
Congruence (general relativity), in general relativity, a congruence in a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold that is interpreted physically as a model of space time, or a bundle of world lines
Zeller's congruence, an algorithm to calculate the day of the week for any date

Psychology

In Carl Rogers' personality theory, the compliance between ideal self and actual self. See Carl Rogers#Incongruence.
Mood congruence between feeling or emotion (in psychiatry and psychology)
Incongruity theory of humor

References

1. ^Carsten Klein, "Coordination and Convention in Hans Reichenbach's Philosophy of Space ", in Friedrich Stadler, The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism: Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives (2003), p. 114.
2. ^David Nadler, Michael Tushman, Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architecture (1997), p. 34.
3. ^Carsten Klein, "Coordination and Convention in Hans Reichenbach's Philosophy of Space ", in Friedrich Stadler, The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism: Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives (2003), p. 111.
4. ^Adolf Grünbaum, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time: Second, enlarged edition (2012), p. 452.
5. ^James P. Anglin, Pain, Normality, and the Struggle for Congruence: Reinterpreting Residential Care for Children and Youth (2014), p. 64.

Mathematics

Psychology

References

See also