A conspiracy often involves secrecy, but there are major exceptions. In any case, secrecy is relative and not strictly necessary in the legal definition[1]. The American Revolutionary War, for example, was considered a "conspiracy" by the British, who were certainly aware of its existence though not of not of all details.[2]
As a term, political conspiracy has been used to describe plots by employees of the government (as in the Watergate scandal or the Iran-Contra scandal), by people not so employed (as in the 1993 WTC bombing), or by a combination (as in Project MKULTRA). The word "conspiracy" has been applied to plots between the heads (or agents) of multiple nations to harm or embarrass some other nation not present (such as Operation Gladio), but not usually to plots to declare conventional war on another country (as with the Bombing of Pearl Harbor) or to conduct low level espionage (of which there have been uncountable instances). Provoking war by deception or trickery is often termed a conspiracy, as in the cases of the Yellowcake Forgery and the September Dossier.
A conspiracy may be illegal but not harmful (as with Fighting Solidarity and the Slave Rebellions in North America), or harmful but not illegal (as with the Native American Holocaust and Slavery in North America). A conspiracy may be committed by the government against the people or a sector of the population (as with Project Mockingbird, Wannsee Conference, and the Armenian Genocide).
As with the legal US definition, conspiracy does not require all conspirators to know all others in the same conspiracy -- in politics, numbers alone might make knowledge of all others impossible. Some conspiracies (such as the Underground Railroad and the French Resistance) deliberately limit the information available to any individual so that the damage is limited if the conspiracy is breached.
For each event listed here, scholarly sources are provided on the individual page to which the event name is linked. As with many Wiki lists, the purpose of this page is to provide a general reference rather than to substantiate or explain each incident in detail.
Dates are according to standard Christian dating system. A negative number in the Date column indicates BC. An asterisk indicates the activity is still ongoing. The "Auth" column is for noting primary (not necessarily all) sources that define the incident as a conspiracy. The "Name" column gives the name by which the incident is commonly known, linked to the Wikipedia page that details the event.
| Date | Auth | Name | Geography | Leaders | Action | Alleged Objective | Outcome |
|---|
|
| [3] | Assassination of Philip II of Macedon | Macedon | Pausanias of Orestis and friends, possibly encouraged by Philip's wife Olympias or son Alexander | Stabbed King Philip at the wedding of his daughter, Cleopatra | Personal vengeance for death of a friend and for making war against the Illyrians | Success; King Philip died; assassin Pausanias was killed by the King's bodyguards |
| -70, -62 | [4] | Catiline conspiracies | Republic of Rome | Lucius Sergius Catilina with many friends and supporters | Assassination, armed revolt against the Republic | For some, to install Catiline as dictator of Rome | Failure; Cataline's defeated and killed in 62 BC |
| -33 | [5] | Assassination of Julius Caesar | Republic of Rome | Brutus Albinus, Servilius Casca, Tillius Cimber, 60 other senators | Assassination of Caesar in the Roman Senate | Restore the Republic | Failure; death of Caesar, civil war; Rome became an empire rather than a republic |
| 33 | [6] | Crucifixion of Jesus | Palestine | Pontius Pilate; Judas Iscariot, Chief Priest __, scribes, Pharisees, Sadducees of the Sanhedrin | Removal of Jesus from public scene in Jerusalem | Avert Roman retaliation; preserve hegemony of the Jewish Temple | Backfire; Christianity spread throughout Mediterranean area; Rome destroyed Jerusalem within a century |
| 65 | [7] | Pisonian conspiracy | Republic of Rome | Gaius Calpurnius Piso, Subrius Flavus, Sulpicius Asper | Assassination of Emperor Nero | In part, to install Piso as emperor | Failure; Piso killed |
| 1455, 1487 | [8] | War of the Roses | England | Members of the Houses of York and Lancaster (two branches of Plantagenet family) and their supporters | Every coordinated attack on the sitting king or his forces (see list) was by definition, seditious conspiracy | Capture (or recapture) the throne of England | Success; Henry VII crowned after Bosworth, married Elizabeth of York, uniting the Plantagenet family branches |
| 1478 | [9] | Pazzi conspiracy | Republic of Florence (Italy) | Members of the Pazzi family and supporters | Attack on the Medici brothers during High Mass at the Duomo before a crowd of 10,000 | Displace the de' Medici family | Failure and death of the conspirators |
| 1485 | [10][11] | Bosworth Field Conspiracy | England | Buckingham, Thomas Lord Stanley, William Stanley, Henry Percy, and their followers, whom King Richard III was relying upon as allies against Henry Tudor | In battle with Tudor forces, Northumberland withheld his troops from the charge while Thomas Lord Stanley and Sir William Stanley attacked and killed the King. | Put the House of Lancaster on the throne of England (see War of Roses) | Success; Henry Tudor became King Henry VII of England; the Stanleys were rewarded generously; Northumberland was briefly imprisoned, then released and reinstated |
| 1500, 1910 | [12] | Ethnic Cleansing of North America | North America | Predominantly Caucasian people | Native American peoples were exterminated first in incidental massacres, then as collision of cultures/races contesting land, finally as a quasi-government policy | Presumably, possess the land without contest | Success; North America cleansed of natives with the exception of Southwest Hispanics and small reservations |
| 1506 | [13] | Conspiracy against Duke of Ferrara | Ferrara(Italy) | Half-brother Giulio d'Este and full brother Ferrante d'Este[14] | Death to Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Cardinal Ippolito d'Este (brothers) | Vengeance, with one of the brothers taking the Duke's seat | Failure, imprisonment of the conspiring brothers, death to the other conspirators |
| 1526, 1865 | [15] | Slavery in North America | North America | Caucasian people | "Fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity"[16] | Labor without pay | Success until the Civil War abolished slavery throughout the US |
| 1526, 1840 | [17] | Slave Rebellions in North America | North America | African American slaves | Organized, unorganized, preplanned, and spontaneous illegal rebellions against owners | Individual liberty | Success in some, death and execution in others |
| 1570 | [18] | Ridolfi plot | England | Roberto di Ridolfi and others | Revolt, assassinate Queen Elizabeth I, replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots | Restore Catholicism in England | Discovery and failure |
| 1583 | [19] | Throckmorton Plot | England | Sir Francis Throckmorton and other Catholics | Assassinate Queen Elizabeth, replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots | Restore Catholicism in England | Failure |
| 1586 | [20][21] | Babington Plot | England | Sir Anthony Babington, John Ballard, Robert Poley, Gilbert Gifford, and Thomas Phelippes | Assassinate Queen Elizabeth, replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots | Restore Catholicism in England | Failure, trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots |
| 1603 | [22] | Main Plot | England | Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham, Sir Walter Raleigh, and the Spanish government | Dethrone King James I and replace him with Arbella Stuart | Enthrone Arbella Stuart, restore Catholicism | Failure and imprisonment of conspirators |
| 1603 | [23] | Bye Plot | England | Roman Catholic priests and Puritans | Kidnap King James I | Restore Catholicism, religious tolerance | Failure, execution of Sir George Brooke |
| 1605 | [24] | Gunpowder Plot | England | Robert Catesby, John Wright, Thomas Wintour, Thomas Percy, Guy Fawkes, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, Robert Wintour, others | Blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, assassinate King James I | Crown Princess Elizabeth, restore Catholicism | Failure, execution of conspirators |
| 1610, * | [25] | Cabinet Noir (see also Black Room) | France | Various French government bureaux | Letters of targets were opened and read by public officials, then resealed and forwarded to recipients. Done in secret so the recipients were unaware | Not articulated or not known | Success, denounced occasionally but never actually outlawed |
| 1690, 1860 | [26] | Underground Railroad | North America | Abolitionists, many anonymous | Illegally assist slaves to various refuges through a network of safe houses and secret routes | Florida before 1776, Canada, free states, territories, Mexico | Success, with allegedly more than 30,000 escapees |
| 1765, 1783 | [27][28] | American Revolutionary War | 13 Colonies of America | France; signatories to the 1776 Declaration of Independence; First and Second Contental Congress; thousands of others | Pamphlets, speeches, demonstrations such as the Boston Tea Party; though much activity was public, much was also secret | Independence from British Rule | Success |
| 1783 | [29] | Newburgh Conspiracy | 13 Colonies of America | John Armstrong, Jr., officers of the Continental Army | Not disband on peace with Britain, and possibly desert Washington's command if not paid | Insist on back pay and pension as promised | Conciliation with General Washington, faith in Congress restored |
| 1788 | [30] | Anjala conspiracy | Sweden | Group of Swedish military officers | Secretly negotiate peace with Catherine the Great of Russia | End Gustav III's Warwith Russia, secession of Finland | Failure, execution of conspirators, division of Finland from Sweden |
| 1859 | [31] | John Brown's Raid | Harpers Ferry, West Virginia | John Brown, 21 others | Raided Harper's Ferry Armory, captured weapons | Inspire slave uprising throughout the South | Short term failure, conspirators captured, Brown was hung; Long term Brown became icon of Abolition |
| 1865 | [32] | Abraham Lincoln Assassination Plot | Washington, D.C. | John Wilkes Booth, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt | Assassinate President Lincoln, VP Johnson, and SecretarySeward | Revive Confederate cause | Death of Lincoln, otherwise failure |
| 1865 | [33] | Klu Klux Klan | United States | Many thousands | Violence against African Americans and sympthizers; secret membership | Prevention of racial and social mixing of races | Failure, prosecution of many; disbanded in 1869, reborn 1920, presently reborn and decentralized |
| 1898 | [34] | The Dreyfus Affair | France | Charles Esterhazy | Falsely prosecute Captain Alfred Dreyfus for treason with Germany | Conceal Esterhazy's treason | Prison for Dreyfus, but eventual vindication, Esterhazy eventually exposed |
| 1900, * | [35] | Asbestos Conspiracy | All industrial nations incl. United States | Multiple governments, industrial corporations, trade groups, and insurance companies | Asbestos hazards were long known but hidden from workers; regulation was blocked, insurance claims denied | Utility and profits of cheap asbestos materials | Liability litigation continues, thousands of victim deaths per year, regulation blocked, asbestos still in use |
| 1900, * | [36] | Jewish-American organized crime | United States, Israel | Bugsy Siegel, Monk Eastman, Arnold Rothstein, Joseph "Doc" Stacher, and others | The activities of Jewish American mobsters become political when the individuals contribute money to Israel and use Israel's Right of Return to escape US prosecution | The profits of crime without prosecution | Success |
| 1903 | [37] | The Protocols of the Elders of Zion | Russia | The Russian Secret Police (alleged) | Publish book falsely purporting to be manual of Jewish conspiracy | Foment antisemitism | Established a perpetual rumor/legend of Jewish conspiracy against Gentiles |
| 1913, 2005 | [38] | Irish Republican Army | Ireland | Various, as many as 14,500 people, including agents working for British Army, Special Branch, and MI5[39] | Assassinations, murders, bombs, maimings, other violence | Unite the whole of Ireland in a single nation independent of England | Failure, disbanded in 1921 after treaty; reformed 1922-1969; reformed as Provisional Irish Republican Army |
| 1914 | [40] | Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand | Serbia | The Black Hand, a secret society controlled by Serbian Military Intelligence | Assassinate the Archduke | Unite the territories with majority South Slavic people | Death of the archduke and World War I |
| 1915, 1919 | [41] | Armenian Genocide | Turkey | Ottoman Empire | Massacre, starve, rape, work victims to death, inject with disease | Eradicate unwanted people including Greeks, Armenians, ethnic Christians | Success; 1 to 1.5 million killed |
| 1917 | [42] | Murder of Emperor Nicholas II, his wife, and all their children | Russia | Yakov Yurovsky, Communist soldiers, local Bolsheviks | Abduct, assassinate, and bury the bodies in an unmarked grave | Solidify Bolshevik Revolution | Success |
| 1917, 1933 | [43] | Decossackization | Russia | Soviet government | Extermination of the Cossacks, either as an ethnic group or social class | (Presumed) homogenization of Soviet society | Success |
| 1926, 1928 | [44] | Assassination of Velimir Prelić | Macedonia | Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, Ivan Mihaylov, Mara Buneva, | Assassination of a Serbian official Velimir Prelić | Freedom for Macedonia | Successful assassination, Macedonia not freed |
| 1932, 1972 | [45] | Tuskegee syphilis experiment | Alabama, Washington, D.C. | Many employees of the US Public Health Service and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention knew or participated | Hundreds of black sharecroppers denied diagnosis and treatment for syphilis, left to suffer and die miserably | Study of the progress of untreated syphilis | Success for 40 years; upon general exposure, termination of the Experiment, multiple reforms of laws and agencies |
| 1933 | [46] | Business Plot | US | Heads of Chase Bank, General Motors, Goodyear, Standard Oil, DuPont family, Senator Prescott Bush | Recruit Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler to overthrow government of President Roseveldt | Install fascist dictatorship over the United States | Failure; no action was taken and no one was prosecuted |
| 1933, 1945 | [47] | Anti-Nazi Conspiracy | Germany | Multiple small, isolated groups, generally leaderless | Some actively plotted or attempted to assassinate Hitler, some to thwart the roundups for the camps, some to stop the war | Overthrow the Nazi regime, end the atrocities, end the war | Failure |
| 1939 | [48] | 1939 Shelling of Mainila | Russia | Andrei Zhdanov and the Red Army | Soviet Union (Russia) Red Army shelled the Russian village of Mainila pretending to be attacked by Finland | False flag pretext for Winter War against Finland | Success; public support for the Winter War |
| 1939 | [49] | Operation Himmler and the Gleiwitz incident | Germany | Heinrich Himmler, Alfred Naujocks, and Nazi military | Simulate an attack by Polish military, with false flag and uniforms | Provide pretext for Germany to invade Poland | Success, though not hidden from history |
| 1939, 1945 | [50] | French Resistance / French Underground | France | Multiple isolated groups and small cells | Guerrilla attacks on the Germans and Vichy collaborators, underground newspapers, spy for the Allies, help isolated Allied soldiers and airmen | Liberate France from German occupation | Success; considered to be of significant assistance to the Allies in winning the World War II against the Germans |
| 1940 | [51] | Operation Spark | Germany | Friedrich Olbricht, Major General Henning von Tresckow and an anti-Nazi conspiracy, the Schwarze Kapelle ("black band") | Assassinate Adolf Hitler by means of a bomb on his aircraft | Overthrow the Nazi regime, end the war | Discovery and failure |
| 1941, 1944 | [52] | Greek Resistance | Greece | Communist Party of Greece, Aris Velouchiotis, Napoleon Zervas, and other strongly armed groups. | Guerrilla attacks, sabotage | Liberation of Greece from the Axis Power occupation forces. | Failure; internecine civil war between the groups even while occupied by Germany; enmity with British troops; |
| 1942 | [53] | Wannsee Conference | Berlin, Germany | Senior officials of Nazi Germany | Exterminate the "inferior" people of the Reich and occupied countries, including Jews, Gypsies, and homosexuals | Cleanse the body politic of unwanted elements and the race through eugenics | Partial success |
| 1942 | [54] | Operation Anthropoid | Prague | British Special Operations Executive, local agents and Czechs | Assassinate General der Polizei Reinhard Heydrich | Confer legitimacy on Beneš's government-in-exile in London | Success |
| 1944 | [55] | July 20 Plot | Germany | Dissidents of the Kreisau Circle and others | Assassinate Adolf Hitler with suitcase bomb inside the Wolf's Lair field headquarters | Operation Valkyrie to grab power and negotiate peace with the Allies | Failure, arrest of 7,000 conspirators, execution of 4,980 |
| 1945 | [56] | Operation Paperclip /(parallel program in Far East) | United States, Germany, Japan | Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) | Forge documents, expunge national records; evade President Truman's orders | Hide desired Japanese, Nazi war criminals from Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials; deny recovery to native countries | Success; 1500 Nazis and many Japanese hidden from prosecution, many immigrated |
| 1945, * | [57][58] | Project SHAMROCK | United States | Western Union, RCA, ITT, Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) (later named National Security Agency NSA), FBI, CIA, Secret Service, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD), Department of Defense (DoD) | Intercept, copy incoming, outgoing, and transiting telegrams for thousands of targets without warrant or court order | Not articulated or not known | Success until investigated by the Church Committee and passage of FISA; reborn with PRISM |
| 1946, * | [58][59] | Hmong Genocide | Laos | Laos, Vietnamese army | Attack, rape, massacre, bomb, destroy means of life | Vengeance, ethnic cleansing | Success, more than 100,000 killed[60] |
| 1948, 1982 | [61][62] | Operation Gladio, Stay-behind preparations | Europe | CIA, NATO, Western Union Clandestine Committee (CCWU) | Leave covert paramilitary agents and forces in neutral and Allied countries after the World War II | Prepare for invasion from Warsaw Pact; see Strategy of Tension | Success; undetected for decades |
| 1948, * | [63][64] [65] | Operation Mockingbird | United States, elsewhere | Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employees Cord Meyer, Allen W. Dulles, Frank Wisner and many others | Plant agents on news staff; shape news through blackmail, bribes, and "dirty tricks;" plant pre-written articles; fund groups and publications | Manipulate national and foreign policy, hide CIA's illegal activities | Success; exposed by Ramparts in 1966, some books, Church Committee, but not terminated; possibly still active |
| 1950, 1977 | [66] | Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts | Puerto Rico, Continental United States | Pedro Albizu Campos, Blanca Canales, Oscar Collazo, Griselio Torresola, and many others | Seditious conspiracy against the United States, firing on Congress from the gallery, demonstrations | Puerto Rico independence from US | Failure, prison for the conspirators |
| 1952, 1973 | [67] | HTLINGUAL / SRPOINTER | US | Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) | Intercept and open mail for targeted individuals such as Bella Abzug, Bobby Fischer, Linus Pauling, John Steinbeck, Martin Luther King, Edward Albee, Hubert Humphrey | Originally, collect names from mail to/from Soviet Union, China; later record content | Unknown |
| 1953, * | [68][58] | MKULTRA mind control program | United States | Central Intelligence Agency, Sidney Gottlieb, cooperating psychiatrists, and others | Illegally and secretly perform mind control experiments on human subjects, usually without consent | Develop mind control drugs and methods for indoctrination and interrogation | Unknown |
| 1953 | [69][70] [71] | Operation Ajax / Operation Boot / 28 Mordad coup / Iranian coup d'état / TPAJAX Project | Iran | US Central Intelligence Agency, United Kingdom Secret Intelligence Service | Bribe Iranian politicians, security and army high-ranking officials; promote coup with propaganda; promote riots with bribes to gangsters; put CIA soldiers on the ground to control the city; arm and direct rebel forces | Overthrow Iran's democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh and install puppet Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi (the "Shah") to provide BP with unrestricted access to Iran's oil reserves | Success for 26 years |
| 1954 | [72] | Lavon Affair, Operation Susannah | Egypt | Colonel Binyamin Gibli, but he blamed Israel Defense Minister Pinhas Lavon, who was probably innocent but was forced to resign | Bomb Egyptian, American, and British-owned civilian targets, cinemas, libraries and educational centers (not persons); other acts of sabotage under a False Flag | Implicate Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Communists, "malcontents," prevent British troop withdrawal from Suez Canal zone | Failure; imprisonment, death for bombers, long term discredit to Israel, upset in Israeli government |
| 1954, 1996 | [73] | 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état / Operation PBSUCCESS | Guatemala | Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) | Guatemala coup d'état | Monopolize agriculture under United Fruit Company, military control of Central America | Success; brutal dictatorship installed; genocide of Mayan people |
| 1956, 1971? | [74][75] [76] [58] | COINTELPRO | United States | Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) | "Survey, expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, neutralize, or ... eliminate" domestic target groups and their leaders | Steer US national policy, subvert or eliminate political opposition | Success |
| 1958, * | [77] | Lebanese Anarchist Attacks | Lebanon | Perpetrators mostly unknown | Almost ceaseless attacks by paramilitary non-governmental groups: List of massacres in Lebanon; 1958 Lebanon crisis; 1983 United States embassy bombing; 1983 Beirut barracks bombing; South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000); Lebanon bombings and assassinations (2004–present); | Pro-Muslim, anti-Muslim, pro-Syria, anti-Israel, etc. (Violence by Israel not included here because legal under Israeli law) | Failure; no one wins, everyone loses, and it never ends |
| 1959 | [78] | Operation 40 | USA | J.C. King, President Eisenhower, Allen W. Dulles, Richard Nixon, Arleigh Burke, Livingston Merchant, 80+ more | CIA to organize, train, and equip Cuban refugees as a guerrilla force; sabotage, attacks bombs | Overthrow Fidel Castro's Cuban Communist government | Failure; reborn as Brigade 2506 |
| 1960, 1961 | [79][80] [81][82] | Assassination of Patrice Lumumba | Belgian Congo | Belgium, CIA (US), MI6 (United Kingdom), according to the Church Committee[82] | Assassinate Lumumba, first democratically elected prime minister of the Congo | Obstruct pan-African unity | Success |
| 1961 | [78] | Bay of Pigs Invasion / Operation Zapata / Brigade 2506 | Cuba | Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Cuban exiles, Brigade 2506, Democratic Revolutionary Front | Invade Cuba, overthrow Communist government of Prime Minister Fidel Castro | Reverse the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and its effects | Failure, embarrassment of CIA and USA |
| 1961, 1983 | [83] | Project CHERRY | Southeast Asia | Central Intelligence Agency, using US Military Special Forces soldiers for black operations, who were in turn using soldiers from the Cambodian Khmer Serei Movement. | Assassinate Prince (later King) Norodom Sihanouk, and other terror operations | Destabilize Cambodian society | Failure |
| 1962 | [84][85] [86] | Operation Northwoods / Mongoose / Bingo | United States | Department of Defense (DoD) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) | Acts of terrorism in US cities and elsewhere, including shooting down a US airliner, to be blamed on the new Communist (Fidel Castro) government of Cuba (False Flag operations) | Described in memo Justification for U.S. Military Intervention in Cuba, includes sequence of "reprisals" of US Military | Failure; President Kennedy disapproved the plot and nothing was done; Kennedy removed Lemnitzer as JCS Chairman |
| 1962 | [87][88] | Operation Dirty Trick / Operation Northwoods | United States | Brig. Gen. William H. Craig, Brig. Gen. Edward Lansdale | If the 1962 space flight Mercury (carrying John Glenn) crashed, Cuba (Castro) would be blamed | Invade Cuba with US popular support | Failure; President Kennedy disapproved, and the plot was done; Glenn's mission did not crash |
| 1963 | [89] | Assassination of John F. Kennedy | United States | I.A. Lee Harvey Oswald, other or others unknown | Assassination of the sitting president of the United States | Not articulated or not known | Success |
| 1963, 1970 | [90] | Front de libération du Québec / FLQ | Quebec | date=December 2016}}, Cyr Delisle, Gilles Brunet, Marcel Tardif, François Schirm, Edmond Guenette, and others unknown | Kidnapped James Cross, assassinated Labour Minister Pierre Laporte, killed 8 others with bombs, injured many; bombed Montreal Stock Exchange | Marxist; force Quebec to separate from Canada | Failure, imprisonment for some |
| 1964 | [91] | Gulf of Tonkin Incident / USS Maddox Incident | Vietnam, United States | President Lyndon Johnson, US Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, others | Turned a false report of torpedo attack on US ship in the Gulf of Tonkin into authorization for war against North Vietnam, did not issue public retraction or stand down when report was proved to be false | War in Vietnam to prevent Communist expansion | Success; Vietnam War waged until 1973 with 58,000 US deaths and $111 billion expended ($686 billion in 2008 dollars) |
| 1966, 2015 | [58][92] | ECHELON | Global | United States, Canada, Britain, New Zealand, Australia ("Five Eyes") | "... a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications." | Interception and content inspection of telephone calls, fax, e-mail | Success; never terminated, ever expanding operation as revealed by. Snowden's documents |
| 1967 | [93] | USS Liberty Incident | Egypt's Gaza Strip | Israeli Navy, Israeli Air Force, USS Saratoga officers, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara | Aerial bombing, then torpedo attack on USS Liberty in international waters near Egypt | Prevent detection of Israel's military plans[93] | Success; 34 Americans killed and 171 wounded in the two-hour attack |
| 1967, ? | [94] | Project MERRIMAC | USA | National Security Agency (NSA) | Domestic surveillance on anti-Vietnam War groups and other political groups, and the infrastructure of targeted communities | Circumvent First Amendment, control US public information and opinions | Apparent success; never officially admitted to exist, and never officially closed down |
| 1967, 1973 | [58] | Project Minaret | United States | National Security Agency (NSA) and Britain's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) | Disseminate info captured by the Project Shamrock to other government and intelligence organizations | Circumvent First Amendment, control US public information and opinions | Success; exposed by Church Committee (1975), limited and regulated by Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA, 1978) |
| 1967, 1974 | [94] | Operation CHAOS / Operation MHCHAOS | United States | Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon. Richard Helms, James Jesus Angleton, Richard Obe, and may others | Domestic espionage of US residents without warrant, probable cause, or legal rights | "Unmask possible foreign influences on the student antiwar movement." | Success; exposed and officially closed in 1973 |
| 1965, 1980 | [95] | Strategy of Tension / Years of Lead | Italy, Greece, Turkey | Gladio groups (backed by various Western governments) in False Flag operations | Campaign of fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, terrorist acts, and assassinations | Frighten the people into demanding strong anti-communist dictatorial governments | Success in provoking revolutions in Turkey, Greece. No success in Italy |
| 1965, 1983 | [96] | Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña / FALN | Puerto Rico | Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, Carmen Valentín Pérez, | More than 120 bomb attacks in the US | Puerto Rico independence and Communism | Failure; 12 members arrested 1980, tried and convicted; 16 members pardoned by Bill Clinton in 1999 |
| 1967, 1973 | [94] | Project RESISTANCE | USA | Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Office of Security | Local police, college staff, other informants spy on "groups of the USA that might threaten CIA facilities and personnel," such as those opposed to Vietnam War | Along with Project MERRIMAC, reported to Operation CHAOS | Success until terminated |
| 1968 | [97] | Markovic Affair | France | Ex-head of police Luicien Aimé-Blanc, Aleksandar Markovic, brother of dead bodyguard, others | Publish (apparently faked) embarrassing photos of Claude Pompidou, Georges Pompidou's wife | Vengeance; embarrass Pompidou, possibly defeating his re-election | Failure |
| 1968 | [98] | Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. | US | Kill Martin Luther King | Not articulated or not known | Success in the killing, failed to stop racial integration |
| 1968, 1970 | Project GAMMA | Cambodia | Central Intelligence Agency; U.S. Army | Operate network of native spies, torturing and killing at least one for compromising a mission | Covert intelligence collection operations in Cambodia. | Failure; tens of thousands of Laotian deaths, Congressional investigation |
| 1969 | [99] | Weather Underground / Weatherman | US | Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn, Jeff Jones, students in Ann Arbor campus of University of Michigan | Bombing banks and government buildings | Overthrow the US government; U.S. imperialism and achieve a classless world: world communism | Failure; bomb detonated during assembly killing three members; disbanded; convictions |
| 1969, 1972 | [100] | Laotian Civil (Secret) War | Laos | US Air Force | Bomb targets and Communist troops in support of the Laotian Royal Military's civil war, concealed from Congressional oversight | Prevent Communist takeover of Southeast Asia | Failure; 500,000 Cambodian deaths, evaded US Congressional oversight until 1973 and public outrage |
| 1969, 1973 | Operation Menu | Cambodia | United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) | Bombing campaign in Eastern Cambodia and Laos from 18 March 1969 until 26 May 1970 | Prevent Communist takeover of Southeast Asia | Success; 500,000 Cambodian deaths, evaded Congressional oversight until 1973 and public outrage |
| 1970, 1973 | [101] | Huston Plan | United States | Tom Huston, William C. Sullivan, Richard Nixon, FBI, CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), National Security Agency | Burgle, surveille targeted "radicals;" open mail, detain anti-war protesters in camps in Western states | Remove opposition to agenda of Nixon Administration | Some success; exposed during Watergate hearings, Church Committee Hearings |
| 1972 | Munich massacre | Munich, Germany | Black September | Take hostage 9 Israeli Olympic team members and German policeman, | Freedom for 234 Palestinian and other prisoners in Israel | Failure; most hostages and kidnappers died during the rescue attempt |
| 1972, 1974 | [102][103] | Watergate | United States | Committee for the Re-Election of the President (CRP), G. Gordon Liddy, Jeb Stuart Magruder, John Mitchell, John Dean, Richard Nixon, Virgilio González, Bernard Barker, James McCord, Eugenio Martínez, Frank Sturgis | Liddy designed a program of extensive illegal activities against the Democratic Party, including burglary of a psychiatrist's office in the Watergate Hotel and wiretapping phone lines | Reelect Richard Nixon as United States President | Failure; burglary detected and the plot unraveled; Nixon reelected in 1972, but forced by the Watergate Scandal to resign in 1974 after stonewalling a Congressional investigation |
| 1975, 1991 | 1991 | BCCI Scandal | Luxembourg, Karachi, London. | Bank directors, with co-conspirators CIA, Medellin Cartel, Abu Nidal, Mujahideen, Contras, prominent Americans | Laundering, hiding money to finance illegal, terrorist activities | Wealth of shareholders, investors, directors | Failure; investigated started 1985, bankruptcy, closure in 1991; 60 personal prosecutions and some prison sentences[104] |
| 1978 | [105] | Assassination of Aldo Moro | Italy | Mario Moretti, the Second Red Brigades | Release of political prisoners from the Red Brigades |
| 1978, 1994 | 1994 | Whitewater Conspiracy | Arkansas | Jim Guy Tucker, John Haley, Webster Hubbell, Jim McDougal, Susan McDougal, David Hale, Robert W. Palmer, John Latham, Eugene Fitzhugh, Charles Matthews, | Variety of illegal activities including civil fraud stemming from a real estate development and misuse of state funds | Local: Governor Tucker convicted of fraud; national: efforts to prosecute Bill Clinton and his wife | Failure; nine were convicted, some of conspiracy, Clintons not prosecuted, |
| 1980 | [106][107] | October Surprise | United States, Iran | Abolhassan Banisadr and members of the Reagan election comittee | Delay the release of Iranian hostages to prevent incumbent President Carter from getting the credit for their release, earn enough votes to win re-election. | Elect Ronald Regan to the US Presidency | Success; Ronald Reagan elected to the US Presidency in November, 1980 |
| 1983, 1984 | [108] | Silent Brotherhood / The Order | USA | Robert Jay Mathews, | Violent crime, robbery, murder, charged with seditious intent to overthrow the US government | Paramilitary, fomenting revolution against the "Zionist Occupation Government"[109] | Failure; 75 members tried and convicted, though none for sedition |
| 1984, 1986 | Communist Combatant Cells / Cellules Communistes Combattantes (CCC) | Belgium | Pierre Carette, Bertrand Sassoye, Pascale Vandegeerde, Didier Chevolet | Bombing attacks on properties of NATO, United States, international businesses, Federation of Belgian Enterprises | Destroy enemies of Communist ideology and capitalist symbols[110] | Failure; two deaths, arrest and prison for conspirators |
| 1982, 1990 | [111] | Fighting Solidarity | Poland | Kornel Morawiecki and many supporters | Publish many anti-Soviet books and newspapers throughout Poland, erode dominance of the Polish United Workers' Party | Free Poland from dominance by Soviet Russia | Success; triumphed in Poland's first democratic elections since WW II. 1990: Solidarity's Lech Wałęsa won presidency heralding collapse of communist regimes across Europe. |
| 1984 | [112] | Brighton hotel bombing | Brighton, England. | Provisional Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) member Patrick Magee | Assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet with a bomb in the hotel during a Conservative Party conference | Free Northern Ireland from Great Britain and reunite it with Ireland | Failure; Thatcher not injured, 5 people killed, 31 injured; Magee and four others tried and imprisoned |
| 1984 | [113] | Rajneeshee bioterror attack | The Dalles, Oregon | Followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh | Deliberately contaminate salad bars at ten local restaurants with salmonella | Enable Rajneeshee candidates to win Wasco County elections | Failure; plot was suspected by the electorate which responded by a full turnout at the polls. |
| 1985, 1987 | [114][115] | Iran-Contra Affair | United States, Iran, Israel, Nicaragua | Reagan Administration: Weinberger, Casey, McFarlane, Abrams, Fiers, George, Oliver North, Fawn Hall, Royster, Poindexter, Clarridge, Secord, Hakim | Sell sophisticated US weapons to Iran (despite blockade), aid the Nicaraguan Contras (despite prohibition by the Boland Amendment) | Win freedom for 7 hostages held in Lebanon; overthrow the Sandinista government of Nicaragua | Success; plot exposed and stopped; conspirators prosecuted, pardoned; Violeta Chamorro (favored by Contras) won Nicaraguan election; Lebanese hostages later released |
| 1991 | [116] | Nayirah testimony | United States | Nayirah al-Ṣabaḥ, Hill & Knowlton, Citizens for a Free Kuwait | Nayirah testified in tears to the Congressional Human Rights Caucus about invented Iraqi atrocities in occupied Kuwait | Rally U.S. public support to launch the Gulf War | Success: U.S. rallied allies throughout Europe and launched the hugely expensive, destructive Gulf War against Iraq |
| 1992, 1993 | [117] | 1993 World Trade Center Bombing | New York | Ramzi Yousef (Abdul Basit Mahmoud Abdul Karim), Khalid Shaikh Mohammed Ali Fadden, Abdul Rahman Yasin, Omar Abdel-Rahman, FBI informer Emad Salem | Detonate a truck bomb in under the World Trade Center, cause North Tower to fall, toppling South Tower | End US aid to Israel, end US diplomatic ties with Israel, end US influence in Middle East | Failure; bomb detonated under the North Tower, but tower did not fall. Conspirators captured, convicted of seditious conspiracy |
| 1994, 1996 | [118] | Montana Freemen | Jordan, Montana. | LeRoy M. Schweitzer, Emmett Clark, Richard Clark, James Hance, Lavon T. Hanson, Dana Dudley Landers | Filed liens on officials, counterfeit checks, money orders | Secede from US authority | Failure; 6 were convicted of multiple offenses including conspiracy; secession was not a charge |
| 1990, * | [119] | Chechnyan Rebellion | Russia | Dzhokhar Dudayev, Akhmed Zakayev | Armed rebellion, raids, insurgency, kidnapping | Secession from Russia | Failure; with assistance from USA, Russia killed Chechnyan rebel leaders in 1996; hostilities mostly stopped in 1999 |
| 1995 | [120] | Oklahoma City Bombing | Oklahoma City | Timothy McVeigh, Terry Nichols, Michael and Lori Fortier, Aryan Republican Army, John Doe | Detonated a truck full of explosive in front of Alfred P. Murray Building, killing 168 people including 19 children | Response to Ruby Ridge incident and Waco massacre | Success in the bombing; McVeigh executed, others imprisoned |
| 1995, * | [121] | PRISM (surveillance program) | United States | National Security Administration (NSA) | Archive email and cell phone data on the general population without search warrant for later indexing and searching in future investigations | Not articulated or not known | Success; long rumored among computer professionals, came to public attention through the Edward Snowden documents |
| 2000, 2001 | [122] | September 11 Attacks | New York | Osama bin Laden and 19 co-conspirator suicide pilots, Taliban government of Afghanistan (implicitly, though not formally charged) | Hijacked four domestic airliners, crashed two into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and one into a farmer's field | 1. Vengeance for US policies, 2. provoke war against Islam to provoke Islam to counter-attack | Success; US Congress immediately passed Patriot Act and other laws restricting freedom of American residents; US launched undeclared war on multiple nations in Central Asia |
| 2000 | [123] | Trailblazer Project | United States | Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) | Develop internet data analysis, cell phone and email tracking capabilities; prosecute whistleblowers,such as Roark, Binney, and Wiebe | Not articulated or not known | Success |
| 2001, * | [124] | NSA warrantless surveillance | United States | National Security Agency (NSA) | George W. Bush authorized the National Security Agency (NSA) to spy on telephone calls without warrant, bypassing FISA | Not articulated or not known | Success; bypass of Fourth Amendment without FISA warrant instituted in PRISM |
| 2002 | [125][126] | Downing Street Memo | United States | George W. Bush, National Security Council | British military/Intel memo reveals that Bush (with advisers) was shaping the facts about Iraq to serve plans already developed to attack on Iraq | Full scale attack and long term occupation of Iraq | Success; U.S. public terrified by "weapons of mass destruction;" Congress war but did not declare war; Bush ordered attack on Iraq; ongoing war and occupation |
| 2002 | [127] | September Dossier / Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) | Great Britain | Ruling parties of Great Britain and United States | Publish Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government, an official memo to reinforce US credibility on Iraq | To help US justify attack and long term military occupation of Iraq | Success; Dossier was believed by the greater British and U.S. populace; subsequently the official Iraq Survey Group proved all allegations in the memo were false |
| 2002 | [128] | Yellowcake Forgery | Italy | Italy military intelligence | Forge documents to show that Saddam Hussein (Iraq) tried to buy yellowcake uranium from Niger | Provide basis for accusation that Iraq had WMD; justify full scale attack and war | Success for the duration needed to authorize attack |
| 2003, * | [129] | Anonymous | Global | Jake Leslie Davis, Ryan Ackroyd, Ryan Cleary, Gregg Housh, Mustafa Al-Bassam, many others | Pranks, masked demonstrations, computer attacks ("hactivism") | Loosely defined program | Mixed; dozens of arrests in US, Great Britain, Australia, Netherlands, Spain, Turkey |
| 2006, 2011 | [130] | City of Bell scandal | Bell, California | Mayor Oscar Hernandez, city council members, a number of city officials, and the accounting firm of Mayer Hoffman McCann | Election fraud, high taxes, inflated paychecks, and other schemes to plunder the City coffers | Personal enrichment of the conspirators | Mixed; trials and some convictions (ongoing) |
| 2007 | [131] | Vang Pao Clandestine Army / Operation Tarnished Eagle | California | Vang Pao, Lo Cha Thao, Youa True Vang, Hue Vang, Chong Vang Thao, Seng Vue, Chu Lo, and Lo Thao two more | With a collection of heavy military weapons, attack the Communist government of Laos | Free the Laotian people of the abusive government | Failure; conspiracy was discovered by the Operation Tarnished Eagle investigation, conspirators were charged, but charges were dropped without prosecution |
| 2008, * | [132] | Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei (SPF) | Greece | Unknown | Bombings, arson, terrorist acts | Anarcho-individualism | Ongoing |
| 2011 | [133] | LulzSec | Great Britain, Ireland, USA, Netherlands | Jeremy Hammond, Sven Slootweg, Donncha O'Cearbhaill, Darren Martyn, others | Computer sabotage, data theft, disruption, attacks on government computers to influence policy | Not articulated or not known | Failure; arrest and conviction of ten members |
| 2013 | [134] | Boston Marathon Bombings | Boston, Massachusetts | Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev | Two bombs detonated near finish line at Boston Marathon footrace | Defend Islam from the U.S. | Success of bombs, 3 deaths, many injuries, one conspirator killed, one arrested |
This list includes by reference (only) the hundreds of entries in the University of Maryland's Terrorist Organization Database.
Some of the items in the original list are not included in this table because they do not satisfy all of the above conditions. The events omitted are these:
The Zeitgeist Movement and the Historical Jesus: Separating Fact from Fiction, by Michael Sturgulewski[135]
A Sure Foundation: Answering the Charge Against Christianity: Large Print Edition Volume 1, by Michael Sturgulewski[136]
1. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conspiracy|title = Conspiracy - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary|date = |accessdate = February 4, 2015|website = Merriam-Webster Dictionary|publisher = Merriam-Webster, Incorporated|last = |first = }}
2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gruber|first1=Ira|title=The American Revolution as a Conspiracy: The British View|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|date=July 1969|volume=26|issue=3|pages=360–372|jstor=1918575|doi=10.2307/1918575}}
3. ^Dr. Laurence T. Stevens, "The Assassin Who Launched The Hellenistic Age" in Jane Trent (ed.) "Is History Made By Accident?"
4. ^{{cite journal |title=The Catilinarian Conspiracy|url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/conspiracyofcatiline/ss/63-62-B-C-Cato-Cicero-And-The-Conspiracy-Of-Catiline.htm|journal=Ancienthistory.about.com}}
5. ^{{cite journal |title=The assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BC|url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/caesar2.htm|website=www.eyewitnesstohistory.com|date = 2004}}
6. ^Eddy & Boyd (2007) The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition Baker Academic, {{ISBN|0-8010-3114-1}} page 127 states that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus.
7. ^{{cite journal |title=The Pisonian Conspiracy|url=http://www.nazoreans.com/pisonian_conspiracy.html|website=www.nazoreans.com}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=War of the Roses|url=http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/wars-of-the-roses|website=History.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC.}}
9. ^{{cite journal |title=The pazzi conspiracy|url=http://www.palazzo-medici.it/mediateca/en/Scheda_Congiura_dei_Pazzi|website=www.palazzo-medici.it}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url = https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/War_of_Roses.html|title = The War of the Roses|date = |accessdate = February 6, 2015|website = Dr. Wheeler's Website|publisher = Carson-Newman College|last = Wheeler|first = L. Kip}}
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13. ^{{cite journal |title=The year of Lucretia d'Este, Duchess of Ferrara|url=http://www.mmdtkw.org/VLucretiad'Este.html|website=www.mmdtkw.org}}
14. ^{{cite journal |title=The year of Lucretia d'Este, Duchess of Ferrara|url=http://www.mmdtkw.org/VLucretiad'Este.html|website=www.mmdtkw.org}}
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17. ^Slave rebellion#North America
18. ^{{cite journal |title=Plots against Elizabeth I|url=http://www.elizabethfiles.com/plots-against-elizabeth-i/3509/|website=www.elizabethfiles.com|date = 29 January 2010}}
19. ^{{cite journal |title=Queen Elisabeth I|url=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html|journal=Englishhistory.net}}
20. ^{{cite journal |title=The Babington Plot|url=http://www.history-magazine.com/babington.html|website=www.history-magazine.com}}
21. ^{{cite journal |title=Anthony Babington and the Babington Plot|url=http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/babington.htm|website=www.luminarium.org}}
22. ^Fiona Bengtsen, Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, and the Gunpowder Plot (2005), p. 27; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=meTCjNCYmsIC&pg=27 Google Books].
23. ^{{cite journal |title=Conspiracy|url=http://www.alienscientist.com/conspiracy.html|website=www.alienscientist.com}}
24. ^{{cite journal |title=The Gunpowder plot of 1605|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gunpowder_plot_of_1605.htm|website=www.historylearningsite.co.uk}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Black%20Chamber |title=Black Chamber |publisher=Everything2 |date=2001-01-14 |accessdate=2012-12-24}}
26. ^Vox, Lisa, "How Did Slaves Resist Slavery?", African-American History, About.com, Retrieved July 17, 2011.
27. ^A Look Back ... Intelligence and the Committee of Secret Correspondence. CIA May 19, 12. https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2011-featured-story-archive/intelligence-and-the-committee-of-secret-correspondence.html
28. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gruber|first1=Ira|title=The American Revolution as a Conspiracy: The British View|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|date=July 1969|volume=26|issue=3|pages=360–372|jstor=1918575|doi=10.2307/1918575}}
29. ^{{cite book|last1=Kohn|first1=Richard|title=Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783-1802|date=1975|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0029175514|page=17|edition=First}}
30. ^{{cite journal |title=Anjala Manor|url=http://www.spottinghistory.com/view/181/anjala-manor/|website=www.spottinghistory.com}}
31. ^{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Marian|title=Harriet Tubman: Antislavery Activist|year=2004|edition=New|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-0-7910-8340-6|pages=68–69}}
32. ^{{cite journal |title=The Death of President Lincoln, 1865|url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lincoln.htm|website=www.eyewitnesstohistory.com}}
33. ^{{cite book|author1=Klanwatch Project|title=Ku Klux Klan: a History of Racism and Violence|date=2011|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|location=Montgomery, Alabama|page=15|edition=Sixth|url=http://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/publication/Ku-Klux-Klan-A-History-of-Racism.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2014|ref=SPLC_History|format=Pamphlet}}
34. ^{{cite journal |title=Emile Zola writes to Alfred Dreyfus at the height of the Dreyfus affair|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?emile-zola-dreyfus-affair|website=www.shapell.org}}
35. ^{{cite book|author=Paul Brodeur|title=Outrageous Misconduct: The Asbestos Industry on Trial|edition=1st|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1985|isbn=978-0-394-53320-9}}
36. ^Killer Jews, by Rachel Rubin, Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8(2) (2001) 145–148
37. ^{{cite web | year = 2004 | url = http://www.hoover.org/hila/judaica3.htm | title = Jews and Politics in the Twentieth Century: From the Bund to the Rise of the Nazis | work = Judaica in the Collections of the Hoover Institution Archives | publisher = Hoover Institution, Stanford University | accessdate = 2006-04-28 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060613200335/http://www.hoover.org/hila/judaica3.htm |archivedate = 2006-06-13}}
38. ^{{cite book|last1=Durney|first1=James|title=The Volunteer: Uniforms, Weapons and History of the Irish Republican Army 1913-1997|date=2004|publisher=Gaul House|isbn=9780954918071}}
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40. ^{{cite book|last1=Albertini|first1=Luigi|title=Origins of the War of 1914 II|date=1953|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|OCLC= 16871|pages=27–28; 79}}
41. ^{{Citation|first1=Hans-Lukas|last1=Kieser|first2=Dominik J.|last2=Schaller|language=German|title=Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah|trans-title=The Armenian genocide and the Shoah|publisher=Chronos|year=2002|isbn=978-3-0340-0561-6|page=114}}
42. ^Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe Knopf, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4000-4005-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8bTWCJMqAQC&pg=PA65 p. 65.]
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44. ^{{cite book|last1=Swire|first1=Joseph|title=Bulgarian conspiracy|date=1938|publisher=R. Hale|pages=356}}
45. ^{{cite journal |title=Final report of the Tuskegee Syphilis study legacy committee|url=http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/badblood/report/|journal=Exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu}}
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47. ^{{cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Peter|title=The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945|date=1996|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal, Canada|isbn=978-0-7735-1531-4|page=xiii}}
48. ^{{cite journal |title=Operation Himmler|url=http://911review.com/precedent/century/himmler.html|journal=911review.com}}
49. ^Roger Manvell, Heinrich Fraenkel, Heinrich Himmler: The SS, Gestapo, His Life and Career, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2007, {{ISBN|1-60239-178-5}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fO6Ow6jJA28C&pg=PA76&dq=%22Operation+Himmler%22&ei=fyDOR5L2MJXGyASA6MmNBQ&sig=FWfI2Tk8btX7m9FZTJ8xTFz6pto Google Print, p.76]
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51. ^{{cite journal |title=The Valkyrie Conspiracy|url=http://valkyrie-plot.com/1943.html|journal=Valkyrie-plot.com}}
52. ^{{Cite book|title = Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44|last = Mazower|first = Mark|publisher = Yale University Press|year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-300-08923-3|location = United States|pages = 137}}
53. ^{{cite journal |title=Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution"|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005477|website=www.ushmm.org}}
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55. ^{{cite journal |title=The July bomb plot|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/july_bomb_plot.htm|website=www.historylearningsite.co.uk}}
56. ^{{cite journal |title=Operation Paperclip Casefile|url=http://www.conspiracyarchive.com/NWO/project_paperclip.htm|website=www.conspiracyarchive.com|date = 8 August 1997}}
57. ^{{citation | author = Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities | title = Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence activities and the Rights of Americans: National Security Agency Surveillance Affecting Americans | date = April 23, 1976 | url = http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIj.htm}}
58. ^{{cite book|last1=Hamilton-Merritt|first1=Jane|title=Tragic Mountains|date=1999|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indiana|isbn=9780253207562|pages=337–460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWIj5Q8l08wC&lpg=PP1&dq=Jane%20Hamilton-Merritt&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Jane%20Hamilton-Merritt&f=false|accessdate=4 May 2015}}
59. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.unpo.org/article/5095| author=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization| accessdate=20 April 2011|title=WGIP: Side event on the Hmong Lao, at the United Nations}}
60. ^Statistics of Democide Rudolph Rummel
61. ^{{cite journal |title=Operation Gladio|url=http://www.thejohnfleming.com/gladio.html|website=www.thejohnfleming.com}}
62. ^{{cite journal |title=Operation Gladio|url=https://campusdiaries.com/stories/operation-gladio|journal=Campusdiaries.com|date = 14 May 2013}}
63. ^{{cite journal |title=Operation Mockingbird|url=http://www.mindinvasions.com/operation-mockingbird.html|website=www.mindinvasions.com}}
64. ^{{cite journal |title=Operation Mockingbird exposed: congressional hearing proves the CIA controls mainstream media|url=http://consciouslifenews.com/operation-mockingbird-exposed-congressional-hearing-proves-cia-controls-mainstream-media/#|journal=Consciouslifenews.com}}
65. ^{{Cite book|title = The Mighty Wurlitzer|last = Wilford|first = Hugh|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 2009|isbn = 978-0674032569|location = |pages = complete}}
66. ^http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/29/oscar-lopez-rivera-protest-puerto-rico_n_3354462.html
67. ^{{Cite web|url = http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/434/937/1416946/|title = Avery v. United States, 434 F. Supp. 937 (D. Conn 1977) - Justia|date = June 15, 1977|accessdate = 19 March 2015|website = Justia US Law|publisher = Justia Company|last = |first = }}
68. ^{{cite journal |title="On this day" 1953: U.S. begins project MK- Ultra mind control experiments|url=http://morallowground.com/2011/04/13/on-this-day-1953-u-s-begins-project-mk-ultra-mind-control-experiments/|journal=Morallowground.com|date = 13 April 2011}}
69. ^{{cite journal |title=Operation Ajax: CIA, Muhammad Mossadeq, and the Shah of Iran|url=http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/OperationAjax.asp|website=www.coldwar.org}}
70. ^{{Cite web|url = http://rt.com/usa/iran-coup-cia-operation-647/|title = CIA finally admits it masterminded Iran's 1953 coup|date = August 19, 2013|accessdate = 16 April 2015|website = RT News|publisher = TV-Novosti|last = |first = }}
71. ^{{Cite book|title = Conspiracy Theories in the United States and the Middle East: A Comparative Approach|last = Butter|first = Michael|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|year = 2014|isbn = 9783110338270|location = |pages = |page = 26|last2 = Reinkowski|first2 = Maurus|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Yt3mBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA68&dq=Operation%20Ajax%20conspiracy&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q=Operation%20Ajax%20conspiracy&f=false}}
72. ^{{cite journal |title=Israel Military Intelligence: The Lavon Affair|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/lavon.html|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}
73. ^{{Cite web|url = http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/|title = CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents|date = 2011|accessdate = 29 April 2015|website = National Security Archive|publisher = National Security Archive, The George Washington University|last = Doyle|first = Kate|last2 = Kornbluh|first2 = Peter}}
74. ^"The Black Panther Toll is Now 28," New York Times, The Week in Review, 7 Dec 1969, p.E4
75. ^Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story. (New York: Doubleday, 1992, pp204-06
76. ^
77. ^Lebanese Anarchist Attacks
78. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Simkin|first1=John|title=Operation 40|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/JFKoperation40.htm|website=Spartacus Educational|publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd.|accessdate=29 April 2015}}
79. ^Adam Hochschild, A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, 1999, Mariner Books, {{ISBN|0-618-00190-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-618-00190-3}}.
80. ^Ludo De Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba, Trans. by Ann Wright and Renée Fenby, 2002 (Orig. 2001), London; New York: Verso, {{ISBN|1-85984-410-3}}.
81. ^{{cite news |title=Belgium Confronts Its Heart of Darkness|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/21/arts/belgium-confronts-its-heart-darkness-unsavory-colonial-behavior-congo-will-be.html?pagewanted=1|agency=NYT |newspaper=New York Times |date=21 September 2002|page=9}}
82. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Blum|first1=William|title=Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Intervention Since World War II|date=1995|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|location=London|isbn=978-1-84277-369-7|pages=156–162}}
83. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.reocities.com/larryjodaniel/17.html|title = CIA Rogue Operation Cherry|date = |accessdate = January 29, 2015|website = Larry Jo Daniels|publisher = Golden Coast Publishing|last = Daniels|first = Larry}}
84. ^Jim Wolf, "Pentagon Planned 1960s Cuban 'Terror Campaign'," Reuters, 18 November 1997.
85. ^Mike Feinsilber, "At a tense time, plots abounded to humiliate Castro," Associated Press (AP), 18 November 1997; also available here.
86. ^Tim Weiner, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030224033044/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kencast.htm "Documents Show Pentagon's Anti-Castro Plots During Kennedy Years,"] New York Times, 19 November 1997; appeared on the same date and by the same author in the New York Times itself as "Declassified Papers Show Anti-Castro Ideas Proposed to Kennedy,"'
87. ^Mike Feinsilber, "At a tense time, plots abounded to humiliate Castro," Associated Press (AP), 18 November 1997; also available here.
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