| 词条 | Psilocybe azurescens | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = | image = Psilocybe azurescens 123020.jpg | regnum = Fungi | divisio = Basidiomycota | classis = Agaricomycetes | ordo = Agaricales | familia = Hymenogastraceae | genus = Psilocybe | species = P. azurescens | binomial = Psilocybe azurescens | binomial_authority = Stamets & Gartz (1995) | range_map = | range_map_caption = Psilocybe azurescens range map }}{{mycomorphbox | name = Psilocybe azurescens | whichGills = adnate | whichGills2= sinuate | capShape = convex | capShape2 = umbonate | hymeniumType = gills | stipeCharacter = bare | ecologicalType = saprotrophic | sporePrintColor = blackish-brown | sporePrintColor2 = purple | howEdible = psychoactive}} Psilocybe azurescens is a psychedelic mushroom whose main active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. It is among the most potent[1] of the tryptamine-bearing mushrooms, containing up to 1.8% psilocybin, 0.5% psilocin, and 0.4% baeocystin by dry weight, averaging to about 1.1% psilocybin and 0.15% psilocin, makes it one of the strongest mushrooms in psilocybe genus. It belongs to the family Hymenogastraceae in the order Agaricales. AppearanceThe cap (pileus) of Psilocybe azurescens is 30–100 mm in diameter, conic to convex, expanding to broadly convex and eventually flattening with age with a pronounced, persistent broad umbo; surface smooth, viscous when moist, covered by a separable gelatinous pellicle; chestnut to ochraceous brown to caramel in color often becoming pitted with dark blue or bluish black zones, hygrophanous, fading to light straw color in drying, strongly bruising blue when damaged; margin even, sometimes irregular and eroded at maturity, slightly incurved at first, soon decurved, flattening with maturity, translucent striate and often leaving a fibrillose annular zone in the upper regions of the stipe. Lamellae ascending, sinuate to adnate, brown, often stained into-black where injured, close, with two tiers of lamellulae, mottled, edges whitish. Spore-print dark purplish brown to purplish black in mass. Stipe 90–200 mm long by 3–6 mm thick, silky white, dingy brown from the base or in age, hollow at maturity. Composed of twisted, cartilaginous tissue. Base of stipe thickening downwards, often curved, and characterized by coarse white aerial tufts of mycelium, often with azure tones. Mycelium surrounding stipe base densely rhizomorphic (i.e., root-like), silky white, tenaciously holding the wood-chips together, strongly bruising bluish upon disturbance. They have no odor to slightly farinaceous. Their taste is extremely bitter. Habitat and distributionThis species occurs naturally along a small area of the West Coast of the United States including parts of Oregon and California.[2] It has been regularly found as far south as Depoe Bay, Oregon, and as far north as Grays Harbor County, Washington. Its primary locations are clustered around the Columbia River Delta: the first type collections were made in Hammond, Oregon, near Astoria. It is also quite prevalent north of the Columbia River in Washington, from Long Beach north to Westport. Some feral specimens have also been reported in Stuttgart, Germany. While infrequent, they can sometimes be found around decaying wood in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Also Ilwaco, Washington, has a large population, but harvesting is a potential felony that is enforced by local law enforcement agencies.[3] The species' preferred environment ranges from caespitose (growing in tight, separated clusters) to gregarious on deciduous wood-chips and/or in sandy soils rich in lignicolous (woody) debris. The mushroom has an affinity for coastal dune grasses.[4] In aspect it generates an extensive, dense and tenacious mycelial mat (collyboid); Psilocybe azurescens causes the whitening of wood. Fruitings begin in late September and continue until "late December and early January," according to the mycologist Paul Stamets.[4] Psilocybe azurescens has been cultivated in many countries including Germany,[5] Netherlands, New Zealand, Rotherham and the United States (California, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Vermont, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania.).[5] Legal statusPossession and/or cultivation of this species is illegal in a number of countries including the United States, and it is considered a Class A Drug in New Zealand. Effects{{See also|Psilocybin#Effects}}
See also
References1. ^Paul Stamets, A Comparison of Combined Maxima of Psilocybin, Psilocin and Baeocystin in Eleven Species of Psilocybe Fungi Perfecti 2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Guzman|first1=Gaston|last2=Allen|first2=John W.|last3=Gartz|first3=Jochen|title=A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi, An Analysis and Discussion|journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto|date=1998|volume=14|pages=219, 223|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237398624_A_Worldwide_geographical_distribution_of_the_Neurotropic_Fungi_an_analysis_and_discussion|accessdate=4 September 2017}} 3. ^Chinook Observer, No high for ‘shroom’ hunter in court trip 4. ^1 {{cite book | first=Paul | last=Stamets | year=1996 | title=Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World | publisher=Ten Speed Press | location=Berkeley | isbn=0-9610798-0-0}} p. 95. 5. ^1 {{Cite journal |author=Gastón Guzmán, John W. Allen, Jochen Gartz |date=1998|title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion|url=http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf|format=pdf|journal=Annali del Museo civico di Rovereto|issue=14|pages=189–280|doi=}} (on Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto) 6. ^{{citation |url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_info4.shtml |title=Approximate Alkaloid Content of selected Psilocybe mushrooms |publisher=Erowid.org |accessdate=2012-10-08}} External links{{Commons category}}
7 : Entheogens|Fungi described in 1995|Psychoactive fungi|Psilocybe|Psychedelic tryptamine carriers|Fungi of North America|Fungi of New Zealand |
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