| 词条 | Psoas major muscle | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| Name = Psoas major muscle | Latin = Musculus psoas major | Image = Psoas major muscle11.png | Caption = Position of psoas major (shown in red) | Image2 = Anterior Hip Muscles 2.PNG | Caption2 = The psoas major and nearby muscles | Origin = Transverse processes of T12-L4 and the lateral aspects of the discs between them | Insertion = In the lesser trochanter of the femur | Blood = lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery | Nerve = Lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L1-L3 nerves | Action = Flexion in the hip joint | Antagonist = Gluteus maximus }} The psoas major ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|oʊ|.|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|oʊ|.|æ|s}}) (from Greek: ψόας – psóās: 'of the loins', genitive singular form of ψόα – psóa 'the loins') is a long fusiform muscle located on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. StructureThe psoas major is divided into a superficial and deep part. The deep part originates from the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae I-V. The superficial part originates from the lateral surfaces of the last thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebrae I-IV, and from the neighboring intervertebral discs. The lumbar plexus lies between the two layers.[1] The iliacus and psoas major form the iliopsoas, which is surrounded by the iliac fascia. The iliopsoas runs across the iliopubic eminence through the muscular lacuna to its insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The iliopectineal bursa separates the tendon of the iliopsoas muscle from the external surface of the hip joint capsule at the level of the iliopubic eminence.[1] The iliac subtendinous bursa lies between the lesser trochanter and the attachment of the iliopsoas.[1] Nerve supplyInnervation of the psoas major is through the anterior rami of L1 to L3 nerves. {{Citation needed|reason=my book says L2-L4|date=December 2016}}VariationIn less than 50 percent of human subjects,[2] the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor. In animalsIn mice, it is mostly a fast-twitching, type II muscle,[3] while in human it combines slow and fast-twitching fibers.[4] This muscle is equivalent to the tenderloin. FunctionThe psoas major joins the upper body and the lower body, the axial to the appendicular skeleton, the inside to the outside, and the back to the front.[5] As part of the iliopsoas, psoas major contributes to flexion in the hip joint. On the lumbar spine, unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally, while bilateral contraction raises the trunk from its supine position.[6] In addition, attachment to the lesser trochanter, located on the postero-medial aspect of the femur, causes lateral rotation and weak adduction of the hip. It forms part of a group of muscles called the hip flexors, whose action is primarily to lift the upper leg towards the body when the body is fixed or to pull the body towards the leg when the leg is fixed. For example, when doing a sit-up that brings the torso (including the lower back) away from the ground and towards the front of the leg, the hip flexors (including the iliopsoas) will flex the spine upon the pelvis. Owing to the frontal attachment on the vertebrae, rotation of the spine will stretch the psoas. The psoas lies postero-lateral to the lumbar sympathetic ganglia, and the needle tip will often pass through the psoas major for a lumbar sympathetic block. Clinical significanceTightness of the psoas can result in spasms or lower back pain by compressing the lumbar discs.[7] A hypertonic and inflamed psoas can lead to irritation and entrapment of the ilioinguinal and the iliohypogastric nerves, resulting in a sensation of heat or water running down the front of the thigh. Psoas can be palpated with active flexion of the hip. A positive psoas contracture test and pain with palpation reported by the patient indicate clinical significance. Care should be taken around the abdominal organs, especially the colon when palpating deeply. The appearance of a protruding belly can visually indicate a hypertonic psoas, which pulls the spine forward while pushing the abdominal contents outward.[8] Ethnic variationOne study using autopsy data found that this muscle is substantially thicker in men of African descent than in Caucasian men, and that the occurrence of the psoas minor is also ethnically variant, being present in most of the white subjects and absent in most of the black subjects.[9] See also{{Anatomy-terms}}
Notes{{Gray's}}1. ^{{cite book |last=Bojsen-Møller |first=Finn |last2=Simonsen |first2=Erik B. |last3=Tranum-Jensen |first3=Jørgen| year=2001 |title=Bevægeapparatets anatomi |edition=12th |language=Danish |trans-title=Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus | isbn =978-87-628-0307-7|pages=261–266 }} 2. ^1 2 Platzer (2004), p 234 3. ^{{cite journal |pmid=2934902 |year=1985 |last1=Nunes |first1=MT |last2=Bianco |first2=AC |last3=Migala |first3=A |last4=Agostini |first4=B |last5=Hasselbach |first5=W |title=Thyroxine induced transformation in sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit soleus and psoas muscles |volume=40 |issue=9–10 |pages=726–34 |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C}} 4. ^{{cite journal |pages=636–41 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01155.x |title=Fibre type composition of the human psoas major muscle with regard to the level of its origin |year=2009 |last1=Arbanas |first1=Juraj |last2=Starcevic Klasan |first2=Gordana |last3=Nikolic |first3=Marina |last4=Jerkovic |first4=Romana |last5=Miljanovic |first5=Ivo |last6=Malnar |first6=Daniela |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=215 |issue=6 |pmid=19930517 |pmc=2796786}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title = Fascial Release for Structural Balance|last = Earls, J.|first = Myers, T|publisher = Lotus Publishing|year = 2010|isbn = 9781905367184|location = Chchester, England|pages = 130}} 6. ^Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 422 7. ^Akuthota, et all(2008). p 40 8. ^{{Cite book|title = Your Body, Your Responsibility|last = Corbo|first = & Splittberger|publisher = Wheatmark Inc, Amazon|year = 2007|isbn = |location = Arizona|pages = 88}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last=Hanson |first=P. |last2=Magnusson |first2=S. P. |last3=Sorensen |first3=H. |last4=Simonsen |first4=E. B. |year=1999 |title=Anatomical differences in the psoas muscles in young black and white men |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=194 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=303–307 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19420303.x |pmc=1467925 }} References
| first = Werner | last = Platzer | title = Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System | publisher = Thieme | isbn = 3-13-533305-1 | year = 2004 | edition = 5th }}
| title = Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System | publisher = Thieme | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-58890-419-9 }}
Additional images{{cleanup gallery anatomy}}External links{{Commons category|Psoas major muscles}}{{Muscles_of_trunk}}{{Muscles of lower limb}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}{{Authority control}} 5 : Hip flexors|Hip muscles|Spine flexors|Iliopsoas muscles|Muscles of the lower limb |
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