“Public toilet”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A public toilet is a room or small building with toilets (or urinals) that does not belong to a particular household. Rather, the toilet is available for use by the general public, customers, travellers, employees of a business, school pupils, prisoners etc. Public toilets are commonly separated into male and female facilities, although some are unisex, especially for small or single-occupancy public toilets. Increasingly, public toilets are accessible to people with disabilities. Public toilets are known by many other names depending on the country. Examples are: restroom, bathroom, men's room, women's room in the US, washroom in Canada, and toilets, lavatories, water closet (W.C.), ladies and gents in Europe.

Some public toilets are free of charge while others charge a fee. In the latter case they are also called pay toilets and sometimes have of a coin-operated turnstile.

Local authorities or commercial businesses may provide public toilet facilities. Some are unattended while others are staffed by an attendant. In many cultures, it is customary to tip the attendant, especially if they provide a specific service, such as might be the case at upscale nightclubs or restaurants.

Public toilets are typically found in many different places: inner-city locations, offices, factories, schools, universities and other places of work and study. Similarly, museums, cinemas, bars, restaurants, entertainment venues usually provide public toilets. Railway stations, filling stations, and long distance public transport vehicles such as trains, ferries, and planes usually provide toilets for general use. Portable toilets are often available at large outdoor events. In many Asian, African, and countries heavily influenced by Muslim cultures, public toilets are of the squat type, as this is regarded as more hygienic for a shared facility.

Alternative names

Public toilets are known by many names in different varieties of English. In American English, "restroom" usually denotes a facility featuring toilets and sinks designed for use by the public, but "bathroom" is also common especially in schools. "Comfort station" sometimes refers to a visitor welcome center such as those in national parks.

In Canadian English, public facilities are frequently called "washrooms", although usage varies regionally. The word "toilet" generally denotes the fixture itself rather than the room. The word "washroom" is rarely used to mean "utility room" or "mud room" as it is in some parts of the United States. "Bathroom" is generally used to refer to the room in a person's home that includes a bathtub or shower. In public athletic or aquatic facilities, showers are available in locker rooms.

In Britain, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and New Zealand, the terms in use are "public toilet", "public lavatory" (abbreviated "lav"), "public convenience", and more informally, "public loo". As public toilets were traditionally signed as "gentlemen" or "ladies", the colloquial terms "the gents' room" and "the ladies' room", or simply "the gents" and "the ladies" are used to indicate the facilities themselves. The British Toilet Association, sponsor of the Loo of the Year Awards, refers to public toilets collectively as "away-from-home" toilets.^[1]

In Philippine English, "comfort room", or "C.R.", is the most common term in use.^[2]

Some European languages used words cognate with "toilet" (e.g. les toilettes in French), or the initialism "W.C.", an abbreviation for "water closet", an older term for the flush toilet. Public urinals (pissoir) are known in several Romance languages by the name of a Roman Emperor: vespasienne in French, vespasiani in Italian, and vespasiene in Romanian.^[3]

Mosques, madrassas (schools), and other places Muslims gather, have public sex-segregated "ablution rooms" since Islam requires specific procedures for cleansing parts of the body before prayer. These rooms normally adjoin the toilets, which are also subject to Muslim hygienical jurisprudence and Islamic toilet etiquette.

Types

Many public toilets are permanent small buildings visible to passers-by on the street. Others are underground, including older facilities in Britain and Canada. Contemporary street toilets include automatic, self-cleaning toilets in self-contained pods; an example is the Sanisette, which first became popular in France.^[4] An Indian version of these automated toilet pods, remotely monitored by sensors, are the Electronic Public Toilets or eToilets; they have proliferated across the country since 2014, as part of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, the campaign launched that year to end open defecation.^[5]

Another traditional type that has been modernized is the screened French street urinal known as a pissoir (vespasienne). An updated cylindrical urinal that lowers beneath street level out of the way and pops up during hours when it is needed is the Urilift Pop Up Urinal.^[6] It is typically installed in entertainment districts and is operational only during weekends, evenings and nights. This urinal brand, invented in the Netherlands, also offers a pop-up toilet for women.^[6]

Private firms may maintain permanent public toilets. The companies are then permitted to use the external surfaces of the enclosures for advertising. The installations are part of a street furniture contract between the out-of-home advertising company and the city government, and allow these public conveniences to be installed and maintained without requiring funds from the municipal budget.

Various portable toilet technologies are used as public toilets. Portables can be moved into place where and when needed and are popular at outdoor festivals and events. A portable toilet can either be connected to the local sewage system or store the waste in a holding tank until it is emptied by a vacuum truck. Portable composting toilets require removal of the container to a composting facility.

The standard wheelchair-accessible public toilet features wider doors, ample space for turning, lowered sinks, and grab bars for safety. Features above and beyond this standard are advocated by the Changing Places campaign.^[7] Features include a hoist for an adult, a full-sized changing bench, and space for up to two caregivers.

Public toilets have frequently been completely inaccessible to certain people with disabilities.^[8]^[9]

Purposes

As an "away-from-home" toilet room, a public toilet can provide far more than access to the toilet for urination and defecation. People also wash their hands, use the mirrors for grooming, get drinking water (e.g. refilling water bottles), attend to menstrual hygiene needs, and use the waste bins. Public toilets may also become places for harassment of others or illegal activities, particularly if principles of Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) are not applied in the design of the facility.

Health aspects

Public toilets play a role in community health and individual well-being. Where toilets are available, people can enjoy outings and physical activities in their communities. By letting people get out of their cars and onto their feet, bicycles and mass transit, public toilets can contribute to improved environmental health. Mental well-being is enhanced when people are out with families and friends and know a place "to go" is available.

Public toilets serve people who are "restroom challenged".[9] First, some people need to go very frequently, including young and old people, females who are pregnant or menstruating, and those with some medical conditions. Second, some people need toilet access urgently, suddenly and without warning: such as those with chronic conditions such as Crohn's disease and colitis, and those temporarily afflicted with food-borne illnesses.[9]

The inability to satisfy essential physiological needs because no toilet is available contributes to health issues such as urinary tract infections, kidney infections, and digestive problems which can later develop into severe health problems.^[10] Inadequate access to a restroom when required can lead to substantial problems for men with prostate problems, women who are menstruating or going through the menopause and anyone with urinary and fecal incontinence.

If bus and truck drivers on timed schedules have difficulty in accessing toilets, this puts them at risk of bladder and digestive health problems. Furthermore, if the concentration of a driver in urgent need is compromised, it becomes a broader public safety concern.

Workers therefore have legal rights to access a toilet during their work day. In the United States, the Department of Labor's Occupational Health and Safety protects workers' rights to toilet breaks because of the documented health risks.^[11] This protected right to a toilet is a function of the workplace and is lost when workers leave the workplace.^[12]

According to the Government of Australia, more than 3.8 million Australians of all ages are estimated to suffer continence issues.^[13] This represents 18% of the Australian population. Therefore, the Department of Health and Ageing maintains the National Public Toilet Map to enable the public to find the closest facility.

The public toilet is an essential element in a community's physical and social infrastructure, without which people cannot participate in their communities with dignity and confidence.

Design

Entry

Doorless entry

Modern public toilets may be designed with a labyrinth entrance (doorless entry), which prevents the spread of disease that might otherwise occur when coming in contact with a door. Doorless entry provides visual privacy while simultaneously offering a measure of security by allowing the passage of sound. Doorless entry also helps deter vandalism; fewer audible clues to another person entering discourages some vandals. Doorless entry may also be achieved simply by keeping an existing door propped open, closed only when necessary.

Coin operated entry

Pay toilets usually have some form of coin operated turnstile, or they have an attendant who collects the fee.

Service access

Modern public toilets often have a service entrance, utilities passage, and the like, that run behind all the fixtures. Sensors are installed in a separate room, behind the fixtures. Usually the separate room is just a narrow corridor or passageway.

Sensors

Sensor-operated fixtures (faucets, soap dispensers, hand dryers, paper towel dispensers) prevent the spread of disease by allowing patrons to circumvent the need to touch common surfaces. Sensor-operated toilets also help conserve water by limiting the amount used per flush, and require less routine maintenance. Each sensor views through a small window into each fixture. Sometimes the metal plates that house the sensor windows are bolted on from behind, to prevent tampering. Additionally, all of the electrical equipment is safely behind the walls, so that there is no danger of electric shock. However, a RCCB must be used for all such electrical equipment.

Lighting

Service lighting consisting of windows that run all the way around the outside of the toilet using electric lights behind the windows, to create the illusion of extensive natural light, even when the toilets are underground or otherwise do not have access to natural light. The windows are sometimes made of glass brick, permanently cemented in place. Lighting installed in service tunnels that run around the outside of the toilets provides optimum safety from electrical shock (keeping the lights outside the toilet), hygiene (no cracks or openings), security (no way for vandals to access the light bulbs), and aesthetics (clean architectural lines that maintain a continuity of whatever aesthetic design is present, e.g., the raw industrial urban aesthetic that works well with glass brick).

Cisterns (tanks)

Older toilets infrequently have service ducts and often in old toilets that have been modernized, the toilet cistern is hidden in a tiled over purpose-built 'box'. Often old toilets still have high-level cisterns in the service ducts. On the outside, the toilet is flushed by a handle (just like an ordinary low-level cistern toilet) although behind the wall this handle activates a chain. Sometimes a long flushing trough is used to allow closets to be flushed repeatedly without waiting for the cistern to refill. This trend of hiding cisterns and fittings behind the walls started in the late 1930s in the United States and in the United Kingdom from the 1950s, and by the late 1960s it was unusual for toilet cisterns to be visible in public toilets. In some buildings such as schools, however, a cistern can still be visible, although high-level cisterns had become outdated by the 1970s. Many schools now have low-level cisterns.

Fixtures

Public toilets by their nature see heavy usage, so they may rely on a flushometer with a stronger and louder flush than a home toilet. Some high-vandalism settings, such as beaches or stadiums, will use metal toilets. Public toilets generally contain several of the following fixtures.

In the lockable cubicle (stall)

At the point of handwashing

Elsewhere

Cleaning, maintenance and management

Thorough cleaning and maintenance are important for public toilets. This task is usually performed by a "public toilet attendant" (who is there during an entire shift) or by professional cleaning staff. They maintain and clean the facilities, ensuring that toilet paper, soap, paper towels, and other necessary items are kept stocked.

Public toilets need both periodic maintenance and emergency cleaning.^[15] Volunteer-managed facilities may also be an option in some cases.^[15]

Costs and economics

User fees

Toilets that require the user to pay may be street furniture or be inside a building, e.g. a shopping mall, department store, or railway station. The reason for charging money is usually for the maintenance of the equipment. Paying to use a toilet can be traced back almost 2000 years, to the first century AD. The payment may be taken by a bathroom attendant, or by a coin-operated turnstile or cubicle door (see John Nevil Maskelyne, who invented a doorlock requiring the insertion of a penny coin, hence the euphemism to "spend a penny".^[16]) The first pay toilet in the United States was installed in 1910 in Terre Haute, Indiana.^[17]

Privatization and closures

In some places, the provision of public toilet facilities is under great pressure.^[18]^[19] One response by public authorities is to close the buildings, often citing criminal activity.^[20]^[21] The United Kingdom government austerity programme has led to major council cut-backs to public toilet provision, with knock-on effects on the public realm as a whole.^[22] Some of the buildings, particularly the underground ones, are sold and used for other purposes, e.g. as a bar.

Another response is to privatise the toilets, so that a public good is provided by a contractor,^[23] just as private prisons are. The toilets may fall under the category of privately owned public space - anyone can use them, but the land ultimately belongs to the corporation in question. When toilets that have been privatised are improperly run, or closed, there may be calls to take them back into the control of the public authority, as with Westminster Council in central London - one of the wealthiest places in the world, where members of the public are reduced to urinating in the parks and streets for lack of available facilities.^[24]

Toilets in particular locations

Shopping centres

Customers often expect retail stores and shopping centres to offer public toilets. Customers rank complimentary toilets highly, and their availability influences shopping behaviour. By offering appropriate customer toilets, retail stores and shopping centres may enhance their profits and image; however, many retailers pay insufficient attention to their customer toilet facilities. Due to the potential of customer toilets to increase profits and improve store image, retailers could benefit from regarding toilets as a marketing investment rather than a property expense.^[25] Some business, like Starbucks, have officially opted to let anyone use their toilets, without having to purchase anything.^[26]^[27]

Schools

Lack of adequate school toilets is a very serious problem in many developing countries, and contributes to many problems from poor child health to school drop out. Many pit latrines are not adequately built for young children, which has resulted in the tragic consequence of children dying by falling inside the hole.^[28] Globally, about 620 million children do not have adequate toilets at school and around 900 million cannot wash their hands properly; and almost half of the schools do not provide soap.^[29]

The situation of inadequate school toilets violates the children's right to education and to right to water and sanitation.^[30] Such situations are common in many parts of the world, especially in Africa and South Asia, but also in other regions. For example, in the Caucasus and Central Asia, 30% of schools do not provide adequate toilets and 37% of schools do not have access to adequate water supplies.^[31] The presence of soap and toilet paper is very important, but is largely non-existent in many regions.^[31] Missing or inadequate doors and partitioning are observed in both high- and low-income countries, which can affect the children's self-esteem, especially around puberty; in the case of girls lack of menstrual hygiene management and privacy (such as the availability of functional toilet doors with locks, disposal facilities and menstrual hygiene products in schools, lack of soap and toilet paper) can severely impact upon their well-being and is considered a form of violation of girl's rights. ^[31]

Prisons

It is today accepted in the countries of the Council of Europe that a lack of basic privacy is a violation of fundamental rights. For example, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in Szafrański v. Poland (2015) that the forcing of prisoners to use the toilet without adequate privacy amounts to a violation of Article 8 (right to respect for private life) of the European Convention on Human Rights.^[32]

Society and culture

Unisex (gender neutral)

Public toilets are usually segregated by sex, except for those to be used by people with disabilities. In many cultures, this separation is so characteristic that pictograms of a man or a woman often suffice to indicate the facility, without explicit reference to the fixtures themselves. In restaurants and other private locations, the identifications can be designed to match the decoration of the premises.^[33] Some toilets also function, in part, as changing rooms (locker rooms), owing to their gender-segregated nature. For example, in beach areas, a portion of the building is equipped with benches so that people can change into or out of their bathing suits.

Amnesty International includes segregated toilets among its list of suggested measures to ensure the safety of women and girls in schools.^[34] In jurisdictions using the Uniform Plumbing Code in the U.S., sex separation is a legal mandate via the building code.^[35] In many places the queues for the women's toilets are longer than those for the men's; efforts to deal with this are known as potty parity.

In the 21st century, with lobbying from the transgender rights movement, some initiatives have called for gender-neutral public toilets, also called unisex public toilets (also called gender-inclusive, gender-neutral or all-gender).^[36] {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal

Many public toilets have either individual or gender-neutral facilities. They can accommodate people with disabilities, elderly persons who may require assistance from a carer of another gender, or other cases where public gender-segregated facilities might lead to discomfort.^[37] Gender-neutral toilets are also an option in cases where gender-segregated ones are not practical, such as in aircraft lavatories and passenger train toilets. Toilet facilities for disabled people, especially those reliant on a wheelchair, may be either unisex or gender-specific.^[38] Anthropologist Roger Lancaster draws the historical links between racial and sexual segregation of public toilets, and proposes future designs that re-think public space in a way "at once unsegregated, child-friendly, and handicapped accessible".^[39]

Privacy

People often expect a high level of privacy when using public toilets, although urinals are less private and more efficient for males. Privacy expectations may include toilet cubicles, cubicle doors, urinal partitions and similar.

The World Health Organization states that toilets should be "suitable, private and safe to use for all intended users, taking into consideration their gender, age and physical mobility (e.g. disabled, sick etc.)" and "All shared or public toilets should have [...] doors that can be locked from the inside, and lights".^[40]

Graffiti and street art

Public toilets have long been associated with graffiti, often of a transgressive, gossippy, or low-brow humorous nature (cf. toilet humour). The word latrinalia—from latrine (toilet) and -alia (a collection)—was coined to describe this kind of graffiti.^[41] A famous example of such artwork was featured on the album cover of the satirical Tony Award Broadway musical Urinetown, using felt-tip pen scribblings.

As graffiti merged into street art, so some public street-level toilets began to make a feature of their visibility. The Hundertwasser toilet block is a colourful example in Kawakawa, New Zealand, designed by an Austrian artist and viewed as a tourist draw in a small town.

Drugs, vandalism and violent crime

Some public toilets are known for drug-taking and drug-selling, as well as vandalism. This type of criminal activity is associated with all "neglected, unsupervised buildings", not just toilets, and good cleanliness and maintenance, and ideally an attendant on the premises, can act as a protection against these problems.^[42]

Anonymous sex

Before the gay liberation movement, public toilets were amongst the few places where men too young to enter gay bars legally could meet others who they knew with certainty to be gay.^[45] Many, if not most, gay and bisexual men at the time were closeted, and almost no public gay social groups were available for those under legal drinking age.^[46] The privacy and anonymity public toilets provided made them a convenient and attractive location to engage in sexual acts then.

Sexual acts in public toilets are outlawed in many jurisdictions (e.g. the Sexual Offences Act 2003 in the UK).^[47]^[48]^[49] It is likely that the element of risk involved in cottaging makes it an attractive activity to some.^[50]^[51]

Symbols in unicode

Legislation

United States

The Restroom Access Act is legislation several U.S. States passed that requires retail establishments with toilet facilities for employees to also allow customers to use the facilities if the customer suffers from an inflammatory bowel disease or other medical condition requiring immediate access to a toilet.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 requires businesses to provide toilets for their employees,^[54] along with washing facilities including soap or other suitable means of cleaning. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Approved Code of Practice and Guidance L24, available from Health and Safety Executive Books, outlines guidance on the number of toilets to provide and the type of washing facilities associated with them.^[55]

History

Public toilets were part of the sanitation system of ancient Rome, often in proximity to or as part of public baths (thermae).^[58] By the Middle Ages public toilets became uncommon, with only few attested in Frankfurt in 1348, in London in 1383, and in Basel in 1455.^[59]

In the early 19th century, large cities in Europe started installing public toilets: first in Paris, then in Berlin in 1820 and in London in 1851.^[59]

George Jennings, the sanitary engineer, introduced public toilets, which he called "monkey closets", to the Crystal Palace for The Great Exhibition of 1851.^[60] He also used the euphemism "halting station",^[61] now in use in Indian English for a basic place to stay attached to a railway station. Public toilets were also known as "retiring rooms"^[62] (cf "drawing room", from "to withdraw", and waiting room.)

Underground public toilets were introduced in the United Kingdom in the Victorian era, in built-up urban areas where no space was available to provide them above ground. The facilities were accessible by stairs, and lit by glass brick on the pavement. Local health boards often built underground public toilets to a high standard, although provisions were higher for men than women. Most have been closed as they did not have disabled access, and were more prone to vandalism and sexual encounters, especially in the absence of an attendant. A few remain in London, but others have been converted into alternative uses such as cafes, bars and even dwellings.

In the United States, concerns over public health and sanitation spurred the sanitarian movement during the late 1800s.^[63] Reforms to standardize plumbing codes and household plumbing were advocated for; the intersection of advancements in technology and desire for cleanliness and disease-free spaces spurred the development of restrooms and toilets.

Facilities for women sometimes had a wider emphasis, providing a safe and comfortable private space in the public sphere. The Ladies Rest Room is one example of the non-euphemistic use of the term: literally, a place to rest. Historically such rooms pre-dated the washroom and washrooms were added afterwards. Subsequent integrated designs resulted in the women's restroom lounge.^[64]

A notable early example of a public toilet in the United States is the Old School Privy. The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright claimed to have "invented the hung wall for the w.c. (easier to clean under)" when he designed the Larkin Administration Building in Buffalo, New York in 1904.

The History of Hong Kong toilets

In the early days of the colony of Hong Kong, people would go to the toilet in sewers, barrels or in alleys. Once Hong Kong opened up for trade (1856-1880), the British Hong Kong government determined that the appalling hygiene situation in Hong Kong was becoming critical. Thus, the government set up public squat toilets for people in 1867. But these toilets needed to cleaned by hand every day and were not popular.^[65]^[66] In 1894, plague broke out in Hong Kong and 2,500 people died, especially public toilet cleaners. Again, the government decided to act, setting up underground toilet facilities to improve this situation. though these toilet also had to be cleaned by hand.^[67]^[68]

Early in 1940, the colonial government built the first public flush squat toilet. In 1953, a fire broke out in Shek Kip Mei. After that, the government embarked on a major public housing project in Hong Kong including public toilet for residents. More than ten people shared each toilet and they used them for bathing, doing their laundry as well as going to the toilet. ^[69]Finally, in the 1970s, the government decided that one toilet for 4 or 5 families was insufficient and renovated all public housing providing separate flush pedestal toilets for all residents. ^[70]

Racial segregation in the US

In parts of the United States, public toilets were subject to racial segregation, due to the Jim Crow laws prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This segregation imposed significant restrictions on the lives of African-Americans.^[71] Those who were able to afford cars could avoid the indignities of segregated trains and buses, but they faced the difficulty of finding a public toilet they were allowed to use. Courtland Milloy of the Washington Post recalled that on cross-country roadtrips in the 1950s his parents were reluctant to stop the car to allow the children to relieve themselves – it just wasn't safe.^[72] One solution to this was to carry a portable toilet (a sort of bucket-like arrangement) in the trunk of the car.^[73]

This treatment led to the creation of The Negro Motorist Green Book, an annually updated guidebook. Coping with discrimination on the road took some planning: {{quote|Uncle Otis had made this trip before, and he knew which places along the way offered "colored" bathrooms and which were better just to pass on by. Our map was marked and our route was planned that way, by the distances between service stations where it would be safe for us to stop.^[74]}} Once the traveler had found the correct "colored restroom", however, it could serve "as a respite from the insults of the white world",^[75] akin to what is now called safe space.

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Away from home toilet charter|url=http://www.btaloos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/BTAAwayFromHomeToiletCharter.pdf|website=British Toilet Association|accessdate=21 March 2017}}
2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/sunday-life/2012-11-18/867879/pinoy-english-guide-amalayer-major-major-weather-weather-comfort-room |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406203407/http://www.philstar.com/sunday-life/2012-11-18/867879/pinoy-english-guide-amalayer-major-major-weather-weather-comfort-room |archive-date=2017-04-06 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
3. ^{{cite news|last1=BRYAN HILL|title=Money Does Not Stink: The Urine Tax of Ancient Rome|url=http://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/money-does-not-stink-urine-tax-ancient-rome-003408|accessdate=15 May 2018|work=Ancient Origins|date=12 July 2015|quote=Vespasian's name is still attached to public urinals in France (vespasiennes), Italy (vespasiani), and Romania (vespasiene)}}
4. ^{{cite web|last=Mulrooney |first=Thomas |title=Public Toilets Around the World |url=http://news.plumbworld.co.uk/articles/6-amazing-public-toilets-around-the-world |work=Plumbworld News |accessdate=20 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101221044/http://news.plumbworld.co.uk/articles/6-amazing-public-toilets-around-the-world |archivedate=1 November 2013 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Clean sweep: How digital solutions like e-toilets are taking on open-defecation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/clean-sweep-how-digital-solutions-like-e-toilets-are-taking-on-open-defecation/story-okX6mO53riiM77Zui6l6dO.html|accessdate=6 April 2018|work=https://www.hindustantimes.com/|date=24 March 2018|language=en}}
6. ^¹{{cite web|title=Urilift pop-up urinals|url=http://urilift.com/pop-up-urinals-toilets/uriliften-pop-up-urinals/|website=Urilift|accessdate=21 March 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=What are Changing Places Toilets?|url=http://www.changing-places.org/the_campaign/what_are_changing_places_toilets_.aspx|website=Changing Places|accessdate=21 March 2017}}
8. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Molotch |editor1-first=Harvey |editor2-last=Noren |editor2-first=Laura |title=Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing |location=New York |publisher=NYU Press |date=2010}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Penner |first=Barbara |title=Bathroom |publisher=Reaktion Books |date=2013}}
10. ^"Give us a (Loo) break!" (8 March 2010) Trade Union Congress
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=interpretations&p_id=22932|title=Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Standard Number: 1910.141(c)(1)(i)|last=|first=|date=|website=United States Department of Labor|access-date=28 April 2017}}
12. ^US Public Health Mandates and the Restroom Problem in America, American Restroom Association, World Toilet Summit, Delhi, November 1, 2007
13. ^{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www.toiletmap.gov.au/staticpage.aspx?page=about | title = About the National Toilet Map | work = The National Toilet Map | publisher = Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing | accessdate = 2006-04-14}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Should men's restrooms have diaper changing tables? New bill says yes|url=http://fox13now.com/2014/06/25/should-mens-restrooms-have-diaper-changing-tables-new-bill-says-yes/|accessdate=6 July 2014}}
15. ^¹PHLUSH (2015) [https://toolkit.phlush.org/ Public Toilet Advocacy Toolkit], Part 1: Strategy Tools, Section 4: Plan for Operational and Financial Sustainability, also available in [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2450 SuSanA library]
16. ^{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Lamont|authorlink=Peter Lamont (historian)|year=2004|title=The Rise of the Indian Rope Trick, (The Biography of a Legend)|edition=1|publisher=Time Warner Books|isbn=0-316-72430-0}}
17. ^Gruenstein, Peter (4 Sept 1975) [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D-ItAAAAIBAJ&sjid=adsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6097,877500 Pay toilet movement attacks capitalism], The Beaver County Times, Retrieved October 19, 2010 (with sarcastic subtitle for 1975, "How about charging air for tires?")
18. ^[Public toilets 'wiped out in parts of UK']
19. ^
20. ^{{cite news|title=Council could close 'cottaging' toilets in Lincoln city centre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-28614006|accessdate=20 December 2016|agency=BBC|date=2 August 2014}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=Public toilets face closure amid sordid sex sessions|url=http://www.loughboroughecho.net/news/local-news/public-toilets-face-closure-amid-5812411|accessdate=20 December 2016|publisher=Loughborough Echo|date=4 March 2009}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.redpepper.org.uk/inconvenienced-how-the-cuts-have-hit-public-toilets/|title=Inconvenienced: how the cuts have hit public toilets|publisher=}}
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