| 词条 | Duluth South Breakwater Outer Light |
| 释义 |
| name = Duluth South Breakwater Outer Light | image_name = Duluth South Breakwater Light HAER.png | caption = Duluth South Breakwater Outer Light (1985) | location = lake end of south pier of the Duluth Ship Canal | pushpin_map = Minnesota | pushpin = lighthouse | coordinates = {{coord|46.7801|N|92.0875|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | yearbuilt = 1874 | yearlit = 1901 | automated = 1976 | yeardeactivated = | foundation = Concrete pier | construction = Brick | shape = House with square tower | marking = white with red roof | height = | focalheight = {{convert|44|ft|m|abbr=on}} | lens = Fourth order Fresnel lens | fogsignal = Horn | range = 17 nm | characteristic = Fixed Green | USCG = 7-15845[1][2][3][4] }} The Duluth South Breakwater Outer Light is a lighthouse at the end of the south breakwater of the Duluth Ship Canal. It forms a range with the Duluth South Breakwater Inner Light. HistoryThe appropriation which paid for the initial construction of this light was made in 1870, with the intent to build a structure at the end of the Northern Pacific Railroad docks.[4] Storm damage, however, delayed construction until 1872, by which point the canal had been dug.[4] A wooden pyramidal tower was erected, initially equipped with a fifth-order Fresnel lens.[3] An elevated walkway led back down the pier; a frame dwelling for the head keeper was constructed nearby, with the assistants required to look for lodging elsewhere in the city. This tower was first lit in 1874.[3][4] The area is notoriously foggy, and an automated bell taken from the South Manitou Island Light, the first in a long series of fog signals, was installed in 1880.[4] This was replaced by a pair of steam-powered whistles in 1885, housed in a newly constructed shelter on the breakwater.[3] The noise from these whistles brought complaints from city residents, and a parabolic reflector mounted in a sawdust-filled box was installed in a successful effort to direct the sound out towards the lake.[3] Fog signal operation, it may be noted, averaged 472 hours a year for the first ten years of operation; in 1895 the whistles blew for 1,048 hours, an average of over four hours a day over the eight-month season.[3][4] In 1886 the lens was upgraded to a fourth-order Fresnel lens, and the characteristic changed from a red and white flash to a fixed red signal.[4] The late 1890s reconstruction of the ship canal resulted in the replacement of this tower and the fog signal house with a single brick lighthouse containing both signals.[4] This house, constructed of Cream City brick, was completed in 1901, and the new tower was first lit on September 1 of that year.[3] This tower stood on the southeast corner of the rectangular building, and housed the lens retained from the old light; the fog whistles and their reflector were also moved from the old structure to the new.[3][4] The latter were replaced in 1915 with locomotive whistles,[3] and in 1921 with Type F diaphones, setting off another round of noise complaints, which led to the installation of a new sound reflector. The diaphones were replaced in 1968 with an electronic horn,[3] but in 1976 a group styling itself TOOT (for "reTurn Our Old Tone") began a campaign to restore the fog signal.[4] Horns from the Kewaunee Pierhead Light were obtained,[3] and in 1995 the diaphones were put back in service, eliciting, of course, a new round of noise complaints, which led to restriction of the signal to daytime operation.[4] The signal required a three-phase current supply for operation, and when this failed in 2005, the Coast Guard refused to pay for repairs; legal concerns led the city to refuse to pick up the tab, and the signal was dismantled the following year.[4] The light, however, continues in service, displaying a fixed green light.[1] The light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. References1. ^1 {{cite uscgll|7|2012|150}} 2. ^{{cite uscghist|MN}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|url=http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/superior/duluth-s-breakwater/duluth-s-breakwater.htm |title=Duluth South Breakwater Light |first=Terry |last=Pepper |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713150539/http://terrypepper.com/lights/superior/duluth-s-breakwater/duluth-s-breakwater.htm |archivedate=2012-07-13 |df= }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web|url=http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=265|title=Duluth Harbor South Breakwater Outer, MN|publisher=LighthouseFriends}} External links{{Commons category-inline|Duluth South Breakwater Outer Light}}{{Lighthouses of Minnesota}} 5 : Lighthouses completed in 1874|Lighthouses in Minnesota|Buildings and structures in Duluth, Minnesota|Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota|National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Minnesota |
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