| 释义 |
- Biography
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Durmish (Dormish) Khan Shamlu was a Qizilbash officer of Turkoman origin, who occupied high offices under the Safavid king (shah) Ismail I (r. 1501–1524) and the latter's son Tahmasp I (r. 1524 – 1576). Durmish Khan later died in 1525. Biography Durmish Khan was the son of Abdi Beg Shamlu, while his mother was a sister of shah Ismail I. Furthermore, Durmish Khan had a brother named Husayn Khan Shamlu. In 1503, Durmish Khan was appointed as the governor of Isfahan, but chose to stay in the Safavid capital of Tabriz and appointed Mirza Shah Husayn as his vizier. In 1514, while the Safavid forces were at Chaldiran and planning on how to confront the Ottomans, who had declared war against the Safavid Empire. Mohammad Khan Ustajlu, who served as the governor of Diyabakir, and Nur-Ali Khalifa, a commander who knew how the Ottomans fought, proposed that they should attack as quickly as possible.{{sfn|Savory|2007|p=41}} However, this proposal was rejected by Durmish Khan, who rudely said that Muhammad Khan Ustajlu was only interested in the province which he governed. The proposal was also rejected by Ismail himself, who said; "I am not a caravan-thief, whatever is decreed by God, will occur."{{sfn|Savory|2007|p=41}} A battle shortly ensured, which, however, resulted in an absolute disaster for the Safavids, who lost most of their troops and commanders. In 1518/9, Durmish Khan suppressed several rebellions in Mazandaran, and later in 1520 he was sent to Baghdad to defend the city against the Ottoman sultan Selim I, who, however, died of sickness before he managed to reach the city. In 1521, Mirza Shah Husayn, who now served as Ismail's vizier and had become so powerful that he chose to send Durmish Khan far away from the Safavid court—to Herat in Khorasan, where he was forced to serve as its governor.{{sfn|Savory|2007|p=48}} When Durmish Khan arrived to the city, he appointed Ahmad Sultan Afshar as the governor of several districts of the province.{{sfn|Savory|1984|p=661}} In May 1522, the Mughal ruler Babur seized Qandahar from Durmish Khan. In 1523/4, Herat was attacked a by a group of Uzbeks, which Durmish Khan managed to repel. Durmish Khan later died in 1525 and was succeeded by his brother Husayn Khan Shamlu. References Sources {{refbegin|2}}- {{cite book | title = Iran under the Safavids | year = 2007 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Savory | first = Roger | authorlink = Roger Savory | chapter = | pages = 1–288 | isbn = 0521042518 | url = https://books.google.dk/books?id=v4Yr4foWFFgC&dq=false |ref=harv}}
- {{cite book | last = Blow | first = David | title = Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-84511-989-8 | publisher = I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. | location = London, UK | lccn = 2009464064 | url = https://books.google.dk/books?id=K_kBAwAAQBAJ&pg= |ref=harv}}
- {{cite book | title = Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan | year = 2011 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Matthee | first = Rudi | authorlink = | chapter = | pages = 1–371 | isbn = 0857731815 | url = https://books.google.dk/books?id=fFaw4od7nfUC&printsec= |ref=harv}}
- {{cite book | title = Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran | year = 2004 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Babaie | first = Sussan | authorlink = | chapter = | pages = 1–218 | isbn = 9781860647215 | url = https://books.google.dk/books/about/Slaves_of_the_Shah.html?id=2BMVnw9JQh8C&redir_esc=y|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book | title = Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire | year = 2008 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Newman | first = Andrew J. | authorlink = | chapter = | pages = 1–281 | isbn = 9780857716613 | url = https://books.google.dk/books?id=KPgBAwAAQBAJ&dq=false|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods | year = 1986 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = | editor-first =| last = Roemer | first = H.R. | authorlink = | chapter = The Safavid period | pages = 189–351 | isbn = 9780521200943 | url = https://books.google.dk/books?id=LZ0-2BIR8BQC&dq=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran+safavid&hl=da&source=gbs_navlinks_s|ref=harv}}
- {{cite encyclopedia | article = AḤMAD SOLṬĀN AFŠĀR | last = Savory | first = R. M. | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-soltan-afsar-qizilbas-amir-in-the-safavid-service | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6 | pages = 661 | location = | publisher = | year = 1984 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
{{refend|2}}{{s-start}}{{s-bef|before=Unknown}}{{s-ttl|title=Governor of Isfahan|years=1503 – ?}}{{s-aft|after=Unknown}}{{s-bef|before=Amir Khan Mawsillu}}{{s-ttl|title=Governor of Herat|years=1521 – 1525}}{{s-aft|after=Husayn Khan Shamlu}}{{s-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Durmish Khan Shamlu}} 9 : Safavid generals|1525 deaths|15th-century births|Iranian Turkmen people|Shamlu|Safavid governors of Herat|Safavid governors of Isfahan|Safavid military officers|16th-century people of the Safavid Empire |