| 词条 | Dushmani family |
| 释义 |
The Dushmani or Dušmani ({{lang-la|Dusmani}}, {{lang-sr-cyr|Душман, Душмани}}) were a family that ruled parts of Pilot, a historical province in what is today the Dukagjin highlands in northern Albania, during the 15th century under the Republic of Venice. The Dušmani were a Slavic family in Pilot (in northern Albania).{{sfn|Antonović|2003|p=273}} The name "Dušman" is derived from Slavic root duša (spirit, soul), as is "Dušan", with the suffix -man, and was used in Serbian society from the Middle Ages to at least the 19th century.{{sfn|Grković|1977|p=86}} The oldest generation of the family is mentioned on 2 June 1403 when the Venetian Senate confirmed the three brothers Goranin, Damjan and Nenad the rule over their lands in Pilot Minor ("Little" or "Lower" Pilot) as Venetian subjects.[1][2] Through various ways, the Republic of Venice won over local nobility in the Scutari region and thereby created a certain security zone around their possessions against the Ottomans.{{sfn|Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore|1970b|p=82}} In July 1404 the brothers requested from the government that their litigations be addressed to the knez in Scutari.[2] The family were subject to Albanianization; at first bearing Slavic names, the second Venetian confirmation some forty years later shows some members with Albanian names.{{sfn|Antonović|2003|p=273}} In 1427, a "Dusmanus" is mentioned as the bishop of Polatum (Dusmanus ep. Polat.);[3] Daniele Farlati (1690–1773) called him "Dussus" and put his office in 1427–46.[4] Pavle Dušman (d. 1457) was a Catholic bishop active in Svač (1443), Drivasto (1446), and Skadarska Krajina (1454).{{sfn|Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore|1970b|p=328}} Lekë Dushmani (or Leka Dušman[5]), was mentioned as one of the founders of the League of Lezhë.{{sfn|Noli|1947|p=36}} Lekë Dushmani held Zadrima.{{sfn|Noli|1967|p=84}} Lekë's daughter Irene (Jerina) became famous while there was a dispute for her which brought the first defection among the members of League of Lezhë which led toward the Albanian–Venetian War (1447–48).{{sfn|Noli|1947|p=39}} The Dushmani and Spani family did not participate in the war.{{cn|date=March 2017}} In Drivasto, Božidar Dušman gathered Venetian opponents, and partnering up with Lekë Dukagjini readied for rebellion in the city and among the villages.{{sfn|Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore|1970b|p=221}} They planned to attack Venetian-controlled Drivast,{{sfn|Schmitt|2001|p=308}} but the plot was discovered, and in March 1451 the Council of Forty had Božidar Dušman convicted to 30 years of exile from Venetian holdings in Albania.[6] It was threatened that his head would be cut off between two pillars at the Doge's palace if anybody found him there.{{sfn|Božić|1979|p=370}} In July 1452, Pope Nicholas V sent Pavle Dušman to settle the conflict between Lekë Dukagjini and Skanderbeg.[7] According to Demetrios Sicilianos, the Dousmanis family in Greece ultimately descended from the 15th-century Albanian nobleman "Lekas (Alexander) Dousmanis", whose family took refuge in Greece after the Ottoman conquest of Albania by Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1444–81).[8] References1. ^{{harvnb|Antonović|2003|p=273}}; {{harvnb|Ljubić|1875|p=44}} 2. ^1 {{harvnb|Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore|1970b|p=82}}, {{harvnb|Malović-Đukić|1991}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Hierarchia catholica medii aevi et recentioris aevi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAhBAQAAMAAJ|year=1913|publisher=Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae|p=404}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Vjesnik Kr. državnog arkiva u Zagrebu|volume=17-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkI9AQAAMAAJ|year=1915|publisher=Tisak zaklade tiskare narodnih novina|p=28}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Glas|volume=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNArAQAAIAAJ|year=1890|publisher=SKA|location=Belgrade}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Božić|1979|p=369}}, {{harvnb|Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore|1970b|p=221}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=Spomenik|volume=95-97|year=1942|publisher=SANU|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=84gqT76kBsKh4gTXzNGmDg&id=E-fTAAAAMAAJ|page=xv|quote=}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Demetrios Sicilianos|title=Old and new Athens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WloAAAAMAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Putnam|p=223|quote=}} Sources
5 : 15th-century Albanian people|15th century in Albania|Dushmani family|Venetian period in the history of Albania|Venetian period in the history of Montenegro |
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