词条 | Purushottam Das Tandon |
释义 |
|honorific-prefix=Rajarshi | name = Purushottam Das Tandon |image =Purushottam Das Tandon 1982 stamp of India.jpg |image_size =245px |caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1882|08|01|}} | birth_place = Allahabad, North-Western Provinces, British India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India) | party = Indian National Congress |occupation = Politician | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1962|07|01|1882|08|01}} | awards = Bharat Ratna (1961) }}Purushottam Das Tandon ({{audio|Purshottamdas Tandon.ogg|pronunciation}}; 1 August 1882 – 1 July 1962) was a freedom fighter from Uttar Pradesh, India. He is widely remembered for his efforts in achieving the Official Language of India status for Hindi. He was customarily given the title Rajarshi (etymology: Raja + Rishi = Royal Saint). He was popularly known as UP Gandhi. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1961.[1] Early lifePurushottam Das Tandon was born in Allahabad. After obtaining a degree in law and an MA in history, he started practicing in 1906 and joined the bar of Allahabad High Court in 1908 as a junior to Tej Bahadur Sapru. He gave up practice in 1921 to concentrate on public activities. Tandan ji worked as Professor of Hindi at Victoria College, Gwalior. Freedom struggleHe was a member of Indian National Congress since his student days in 1899. In 1906, he represented Allahabad in the All India Congress Committee. He was associated with the Congress Party committee that studied the Jallianwala Bagh incident in 1919. He was also a part of the Lok Sevak Sangh. In the 1920s and 1930s he was arrested for participating in the Non-Cooperation movement and Salt Satyagraha respectively. He and Jawaharlal Nehru were among the people arrested even before Mohandas K. Gandhi returned from the Round Table Conference at London in 1931. He was known for his efforts in farmers' movements and he served as the President, Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha in 1934. He also remained President of Servants of the People Society (Lok Sevak Mandal), a social service organisation founded by Lala Lajpat Rai, in 1921.[2] He worked as the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the present-day Uttar Pradesh for a period of 13 years, from 31 July 1937 to 10 August 1950.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=February 2019}} He was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India in 1946. Post-IndependenceHe tried for the position of the President of the Congress Party unsuccessfully against Pattabhi Sitaramayya in 1948 but contested successfully against Acharya Kriplani in the controversial and difficult 1950 election to head the Nagpur session. He soon resigned from Congress's president post because of differences with Nehru and as Nehru's popularity was needed for winning elections. Nehru, while being the PM, also became the president of Congress for 1951 and 1952.[3] He was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1952 and the Rajya Sabha in 1956. He retired from active public life after that due to indifferent health. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award in 1961. ControversiesReligious toleranceSeveral controversies and contradictions abound in the life of Purushottam Das Tandon. While he emphasised the similarities between Hindu and Muslim cultures, he is regarded to have carried the image of a soft Hindu nationalist leader. He was not as successful as Gandhi in summoning religious ideals to aspects of Public Service despite being associated with the moderate Radha Soami sect. He and KM Munshi were among those who strongly opposed religious propagation and conversion of a people of one religion to another; they strongly argued in the constituent assembly for a condemnation in the constitution of religious conversion. Partition of IndiaOn 12 June 1947, the Congress Working Committee met and passed a resolution accepting the Partition of India. When the same had to be ratified on 14 June by the AICC, one of the dissenting voices came from Tandon. On that occasion, he said, "Acceptance of the resolution will be an abject surrender to the British and the Muslim League. The admission of the Working Committee was an admission of weakness and the result of a sense of despair. The Partition would not benefit either community – the Hindus in Pakistan and the Muslims in India would both live in fear." Thus, it can be argued that he was against partition. However, another school of thought believes that his reluctance in sharing power with the Muslim League in the provinces after the 1937 elections with the argument that the Congress Party has achieved majority on its own may have precipitated matters towards partition.{{according to whom|date=February 2018}} Relations with NehruHe and Jawaharlal Nehru had good relations in the beginning; Nehru who commended the "No Tax" campaign started by Tandon in 1930. In the 1940s, the differences between them increased. While Tandon was not perceived to be power-hungry, his relation with Nehru was not on good terms and he was believed to be a protégé of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. In 1950, his successful election to the post of Congress President against Acharya Kriplani, who was widely believed to be backed by Nehru, put the latter in a tight spot. The relations between the party and the government suffered during that period. Subsequently, it became a sort of unwritten norm for the leader of the government to also be the party president or at the least, have a pliable candidate in the post. After Partition, Patel and Nehru developed differences over how to deal with the Muslim minority of India, especially as anti-Hindu violence reigned in Pakistan. Nehru argued that India’s constitutional commitment to the security of its Muslim minority did not depend on how Pakistan treated its Hindu minority. Tandon, being close to Patel, differed with Nehru on this. So, Nehru launched an internal political battle against his own party's elected President and got the party's organisation to support his idea of secularism. Subsequently, it became clear that the nation’s prime minister cannot be opposed by his party’s elected president and Tandon resigned from the post of Congress' president to give way for Nehru. Tandon was elected president in 1950 and then Nehru was elected twice in 1951 and 1952.[3] Advocacy for HindiDespite Gandhi and other leaders advocating the adoption of Hindustani, a mixture of Hindi and Urdu, as the National language, he insisted on the usage of Devanagari script and the rejection of the Urdu script as well as words with Arabic-Persian roots. This led to him being called a political reactionary by Nehru. His attitude towards the Sanskritisation or making the language more formal was also controversial. His insistence on the usage of numerals of Devanagari script over the international system and his debates in the constituent assembly on adoption of Hindi as the official language irked Dravidian leaders. Anecdotes{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2019}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|accessdate=26 November 2010}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Grover|first=Verinder|title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: Lala Lajpat Rai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pls8YeINi1sC&pg=PA547|year=1993|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-426-3|pages=547–}} 3. ^1 Varshney, Ashutosh (updated 28 March 2015) Faults and lines. Indianexpress.com. Retrieved on 12 December 2018. External links{{Commons category|Purushottam Das Tandon}}
13 : Presidents of the Indian National Congress|1882 births|1962 deaths|Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh|Indian Hindus|Recipients of the Bharat Ratna|Politicians from Allahabad|Members of the Constituent Assembly of India|Speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|1st Lok Sabha members|Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh |
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