| 词条 | ECOM Agroindustrial |
| 释义 |
HistoryECOM was founded in 1849 by Jose Esteve as a cotton trading business in Spain. The Esteve family subsequently themselves established in the US in 1885 following developments in cotton farming. They expanded into Brazil in 1935 and in Mexico in 1948. ECOM was soon established and joined coffee trading in 1951 and cocoa in 1991. In 2000, ECOM bought the London-based coffee business of the Cargill company.[4][7] In 2012, ECOM purchased 13 million 60-kg bags of coffee or about 7% of the world's coffee. In 2013, ECOM announced the purchase of the commodity trading division of Armajaro Holdings, taking over its coffee, cocoa and sugar business.[8][9] ECOM has subsidiaries in several countries, including Sangana Commodities in Kenya.[10] References1. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYgd82RugvUC&pg=PA114|title=Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2012 Mediation and Consensus Building: Mediation and Consensus Building|author=OECD|date=4 December 2012|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-08753-8|pages=114–}} 2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rii-BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA282|title=Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice|author1=Peter A. Minang|author2=Meine van Noordwijk|author3=Olivia E. Freeman|author4=Cheikh Mbow|author5=Jan de Leeuw|author6=Delia Catacutan|date=30 November 2014|publisher=ASB Partnership for The Tropical Forest margins|isbn=978-92-9059-375-1|pages=282–}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Jeff Neilson|author2=Bill Pritchard|title=Value Chain Struggles: Institutions and Governance in the Plantation Districts of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1826|date=26 July 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4|pages=1826–}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|author=John M. Talbot|title=Grounds for Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUu4DjBo4WQC&pg=PA106|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-2629-7|pages=106–}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Felicity Lawrence|title=Not On the Label: What Really Goes into the Food on Your Plate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mHopSdcE9UC&pg=PT220|date=6 May 2004|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-190716-1|pages=220–}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Barbara Hogenboom|author2=Alex E. Fernández Jilberto|title=Big Business and Economic Development: Conglomerates and Economic Groups in Developing Countries and Transition Economies Under Globalisation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYaKbYC9LQMC&pg=PA319|date=24 January 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-12576-0|pages=319–}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=I.O.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_ovAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Indian Ocean Information and Documentation Bank}} 8. ^Marcy Nicholson (11 November 2013), [https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/11/armajaro-ecom-sale-idUSL2N0IW0M020131111 "Armajaro selling loss-making commodity trade arm to Ecom"], Reuters Retrieved 12 May 2014. 9. ^Isis Almeida (12 November 2013), [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-11/armajaro-trading-agrees-to-merge-into-ecom-agroindustrial.html "Armajaro Trading Sold to Ecom After Loss of $7.6 Million"], Bloomberg, Retrieved 12 May 2014. 10. ^{{cite book|author=Carsten Schmitz-Hoffmann|title=Voluntary Standard Systems - a Contribution to Sustainable Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9kkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|date=1 January 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-35716-9|pages=306–}} External links
3 : Companies established in 1849|Companies of Switzerland|1849 establishments in Spain |
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