“Economy of Buffalo, New York”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Buffalo area economy consists of a mix of industrial, light manufacturing, high technology and service-oriented private sector companies. Instead of relying on a single industry or sector for its economic future, the region has taken a diversified approach that has the potential to create opportunities for growth and expansion in the 21st century.^[1]

History

Buffalo and the surrounding area were long involved in railroad commerce, steel manufacture, automobile production, aircraft/aerospace design and production, Great Lakes shipping, and grain storage. Most of these industries have left the city through the years. Major steel production no longer exists in the area, although several smaller steel mills remain in operation. For example, Gibraltar Industries, a leading manufacturer, processor, and distributor of steel products for the building, industrial, and vehicular markets is headquartered in Buffalo. As of the 1950 United States Census, Buffalo was the 15th largest city in the country, the nation's largest inland port (twelfth overall), second biggest rail center, sixth largest steel producer, and eighth largest manufacturer.^[2]

Employment

Overall, employment in Buffalo has shifted as its population has declined and manufacturing has diminished. Buffalo's 2005 unemployment rate was 6.6%, contrasted with New York State's 5.0% rate.^[3] And from the fourth quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2006, Erie County had no net job growth, ranking it 271st among the 326 largest counties in the country.^[4] Yet the area has recently seen an upswing in job growth as unemployment has dropped to only 4.9% in July 2007 from 5.2% in 2006 and 6.6% in 2005.^[5] The area's manufacturing jobs have continued to show the largest losses in jobs with over 17,000 fewer than at the start of 2006. Yet other sectors of the economy have outdistanced manufacturing and are seeing large increases. Educational and health services added over 30,400 jobs in 2006 and over 20,500 jobs have been added in the professional and business (mostly finance) arena.^[6]

Life sciences

Buffalo has increasingly become a center for bioinformatics and human genome research, including work by researchers at the University at Buffalo and the Roswell Park Cancer Institute. This consortium is known as the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus. It also includes: Buffalo Hearing & Speech Center, Buffalo Medical Group Foundation, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Kaleida Health, Olmsted Center for the Visually Impaired, Cleveland BioLabs and Upstate New York Transplant Services. The DNA samples used in The Human Genome Project were also collected from anonymous donors from Buffalo.

Entrepreneurial resources and life science business consultants accelerate the growth and development of emerging companies found within the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus and Upstate New York Region. For example, Buffalo BioSciences is a technology commercialization partner to the New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences and contributed to the launch and early success of Empire Genomics –- a firm based on research conducted at Roswell Park Cancer Institute by Dr. Norma Nowak^[7] enabling the delivery of personalized medicine.

Banking

Buffalo is the headquarters of M&T Bank, a large regional bank with assets over $79B (as of June 2011).^[8] Its rival Marine Midland Bank operated for decades from downtown Buffalo before being acquired by HSBC and being rebranded as HSBC Bank USA. HSBC has reduced its local operations in Buffalo, and Upstate NY as a whole, as it closed its retail banking centers. Many of the shuttered HSBC retail banking centers in upstate were acquired by First Niagara Bank (see below). Other banks, such as Bank of America and KeyBank have corporate operations in Buffalo, the latter expanding its own operations after acquiring First Niagara. Citigroup also has regional offices in Amherst, Buffalo's largest suburb. Buffalo has also become a hub of the debt collection industry.^[9]

Other

Buffalo is home to Rich Products, one of the world's largest family-owned food manufacturers.^[16] Canadian brewer Labatt moved its US headquarters to Buffalo in May 2007.^[17] This is in large part due to Buffalo's location directly in the middle of the Northeastern Trade Corridor. The city is the heart of the Canadian-American corridor. Over 80% of all U.S.-Canada trade occurs via border crossings in the eastern United States and with five bridges to Canada, the Buffalo area is one of the key eastern border crossing locations. Cheese company Sorrento Lactalis is also based in Buffalo. General Mills has a cereal mill in the city, and Tops Friendly Markets, a regional supermarket chain, remains headquartered in nearby Williamsville. Delaware North is also headquartered in Buffalo, having built a new building in downtown recently.^[18] Del Monte Foods' Milk Bone dog biscuits are still manufactured in a small factory on the city's East Side.

The windshield wiper maker Trico, founded in Buffalo by John R. Oishei, operated three major manufacturing facilities but has since closed all of them and moved operations to Mexico. In 1998, the company head office moved to Rochester Hills, Michigan.^[20] Trico's Plant No. 1 was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 and in 2014 was being re-developed by the State University of New York at Buffalo. The John R. Oishei Foundation is western New York's largest and the new Women's & Children's Hospital, scheduled to open in 2015, will be named the John R. Oishei Children's Hospital.

For many years, Buffalo was the nation's second largest rail center, after Chicago. Peaked traffic reached during World War II, but declined soon after the war.^[21] Through the 1960s and 1970s freight traffic via Buffalo declined, air travel and the New York State Thruway took railway passengers away as well.^[21] By 1980, the rail hub in the city was gone.^[21]

Regionally based insurance companies also have maintained their headquarters in Buffalo, New York. There's Merchants Insurance Group and Lawley Insurance. Merchants Insurance Group is a property and casualty insurance company that provides commercial, personal property and casualty insurance throughout the Northeast and North Central United States. Lawley Insurance provides commercial insurance, employee benefits, risk management and personal insurance.

Some industry remains in Buffalo and its surrounding area in the 21st Century. Ford maintains a stamping plant in South Buffalo.^[22] General Motors also runs the Tonawanda Engine plant by the Niagara River,^[23] and there are additional chemical and technology companies that continue to operate factories throughout the city and region. In addition, Tesla has partnered with Panasonic and New York State to operate Gigafactory 2 on the former Republic Steel site. The facility, which opened in 2017, manufactures photovoltaic modules for Tesla's SolarCity subsidiary and will gradually phase into manufacturing individual solar cells.^[24] It is the largest facility of its type in the Western Hemisphere.^[25] The current incarnation of Republic Steel still maintains a facility in nearby Blasdell.^[26]

Standard of living

The loss of traditional jobs in manufacturing, rapid suburbanization and high costs of labor have led to economic decline, making Buffalo one of the poorest among U.S. cities with populations of more than 250,000 people. An estimated 28.7–29.9% of Buffalo residents live below the poverty line, behind either only Detroit,^[29] or only Detroit and Cleveland.^[30] Buffalo's median household income of $27,850 is third-lowest among large cities, behind only Miami and Cleveland; however the median household income for the metropolitan area is $57,000.^[31]

This, in part, has led to the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area having the most affordable housing market in the U.S. today. The quarterly NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Opportunity Index (HOI) noted that nearly 90% of the new and existing homes sold in the metropolitan area during the second quarter were affordable to families making the area's median income of $57,000. The area median price of homes was $75,000.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

Buffalo faces issues with vacant and abandoned houses, as the city ranks second to St. Louis on the list of American cities with the most vacant properties per capita. Since 2000, the city has torn down 2,000 vacant homes but as many as 10,000 still remain. Mayor Byron W. Brown recently unveiled a $100 million, five-year plan to demolish 5,000 more houses.^[32] The city's move away from heavy industry and toward a service and bioinformatics economy {{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} has brought improved air and water quality, which benefit not only residents and tourists but the bioregion as a whole. In July 2005, Reader's Digest ranked Buffalo as the third cleanest large city in the nation.^[33]

Buffalo's economy has begun to see significant improvements since the early 2010s.^[34] Money from state governor Andrew Cuomo, plans for different construction programs, and hundreds of new jobs have brought strong economic change to the area.^[35]

Principal employers

According to the City's 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[36] the principal employers in the Buffalo Metropolitan Area are:

Major companies located in the Buffalo Niagara metro area

This is an incomplete list of notable companies with major operations or headquarters in Buffalo or within the surrounding area.

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://rkn.buffalo.edu/reports/region_quick_results.cfm?type=4 |title= Binational Buffalo Niagara Region Report |author= University at Buffalo Regional Institute|publisher= UB Regional Institute|year=2011 |work=Regional Knowledge Network |accessdate=February 2, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322060034/http://rkn.buffalo.edu/reports/region_quick_results.cfm?type=4|archivedate=March 22, 2012}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=A Greater Look at Greater Buffalo|page=58|publisher=Windsor Publications|isbn=978-0-89781-198-9|year=1986|author=Bisco, Jim}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/wny/WesternSlideShows.asp |title=See Erie County |publisher=Labor.state.ny.us |date= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cewqtr.t01.htm |title=BLS, Table 1. Covered establishments, employment, and wages in the 326 largest counties, fourth quarter 2006 |publisher=Bls.gov |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419051931/http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cewqtr.t01.htm |archivedate=April 19, 2014 }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/PressReleases/prtbur.txt |title=New York |publisher=Labor.state.ny.us |date= }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/ |title=''bizjournals.com'' |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=October 24, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508132256/http://www.bizjournals.com/albany |archivedate=May 8, 2014 }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.empiregenomics.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=82 |title=About the Founder |publisher=Empiregenomics.com |date=March 18, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616111540/http://www.empiregenomics.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=82 |archivedate=June 16, 2012 }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mtb.com/aboutus/Pages/WhoIsMT.aspx |title=M&T Bank : Who Is M&T |publisher=Mtb.com |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021144030/https://www.mtb.com/ABOUTUS/Pages/WhoIsMT.aspx |archivedate=October 21, 2013 }}
9. ^{{cite news| last = Thompson| first = Carolyn| authorlink = | title = Buffalo's debt collectors accused of bullying =| agency = Associated Press| date = January 5, 2010| url = https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Buffalos-debt-collectors-apf-2226423347.html?x=0| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100108093804/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Buffalos-debt-collectors-apf-2226423347.html?x=0| dead-url = yes| archive-date = January 8, 2010| doi = | accessdate = 2010-01-05| df = }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fnfg.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=847 |title=First Niagara 2009 |publisher=Fnfg.com |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021324/https://www.fnfg.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=847 |archivedate=March 14, 2012 }}
11. ^KDKA-TV {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/documents/branches-divested.pdf |title=United States Department of Justice |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531110931/http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/documents/branches-divested.pdf|archivedate=May 31, 2009}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fnfg.com/pdf/pressRelease_04072009.pdf |title=First Niagara 2009 |publisher=Fnfg.com |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419025423/http://www.fnfg.com/pdf/pressRelease_04072009.pdf |archivedate=April 19, 2009 }}
14. ^First Niagara to buy HSBC bank branches wivb.com Published 2011-07-31. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527065401/http://www.wivb.com/dpp/news/local/first-niagara-to-buy-hsbc-bank-branches |date=May 27, 2013 }}
15. ^https://www.key.com/about/articles/keybank-first-niagara-agreement-103015.jsp?ppc=Q4_prFN_tw
16. ^Rich Products Corporation :: Our Business/ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006174449/http://www.rich.com/business.cfm |date=October 6, 2011 }}
17. ^LABATT USA: Company opens new headquarters in Buffalo » Business » Tonawanda News/ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024154707/http://tonawanda-news.com/business/x681731064/LABATT-USA-Company-opens-new-headquarters-in-Buffalo?keyword=secondarystory |date=October 24, 2013 }}
18. ^ / {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626105639/http://www.delawarenorth.com/contactus.aspx |date=June 26, 2012 }}
19. ^History Timeline of the New Era Cap Company/ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730105852/http://www2.neweracap.com/category/14/About_New_Era/page/119/HISTORY.aspx |date=July 30, 2013 }}
20. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/20/nyregion/metro-business-trico-opens-buffalo-site.html | work=The New York Times | title=METRO BUSINESS; Trico Opens Buffalo Site | date=October 20, 1999| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410190915/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/20/nyregion/metro-business-trico-opens-buffalo-site.html | archivedate=April 10, 2014 }}
21. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/terminal/death/death.html |title=Buffalo Central Terminal – Decline & Abandonment, 1945 – 1990 |publisher=Buffalohistoryworks.com |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404175956/http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/terminal/death/death.html |archivedate=April 4, 2012 }}
22. ^[https://corporate.ford.com/company/plant-detail-pages/buffalo-stamping-plant.html Buffalo Stamping Plant website]
23. ^{{cite web|url = http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-facilities/gm-usa-facilities/gm-tonawanda-new-york-plant/|title = GM Tonawanda, Buffalo, New York Plant Info|publisher = GM Authority}}
24. ^Robinson, David. "Tesla says it will start making solar roofs in Buffalo by end of year", The Buffalo News, August 2, 2017
25. ^{{cite newspaper| title=Despite Risks, Cuomo Bets on Solar Power to Lift Buffalo| last=Craig| first=Susanne| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/26/nyregion/cuomo-bets-on-solar-power-to-get-buffalo-on-its-feet.html| accessdate=2015-10-27 |date=October 25, 2015| newspaper=New York Times}}
26. ^About Us – Republic Steel website
27. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bill-rader/2016/10/31/and-the-winner-is-the-worlds-largest-business-competition-highlights-the-best-of-entrepreneurship/#4b20ebc42418|title=How This $5 Million Business Competition Highlights The Best Of Entrepreneurship|last=Rader|first=Bill|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-07-13}}
28. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-finalists-43north-world-s-largest-business-idea-competition|title=Governor Cuomo Announces Finalists For 43North, the World’s Largest Business Idea Competition|date=2015-10-22|work=Governor Andrew M. Cuomo|access-date=2017-07-13|language=en}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/cchd/povertyusa/povfact6.shtml |title=Poverty USA – Catholic Campaign for Human Development – A hand up, not a hand out |publisher=Usccb.org |date=July 27, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710140234/http://www.usccb.org/cchd/povertyusa/povfact6.shtml |archivedate=July 10, 2011 }}
30. ^Buffalo 3rd Poorest Large City. WGRZ TV. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
31. ^Buffalo falls to second-poorest big city in U.S., with a poverty rate of nearly 30 percent. Buffalo News. Retrieved September 2, 2007. {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
32. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/nyregion/13vacant.html?_r=1&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/B/Belson,%20Ken&oref=slogin Vacant Houses, Scourge of a Beaten-down Buffalo]. New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
33. ^Derek Burnett,America's Top Five Cleanest Cities. Reader's Digest. Retrieved January 4, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709042233/http://www.rd.com/content/openContent.do?contentId=15223&pageIndex=3 |date=July 9, 2006 }}
34. ^http://www.ci.buffalo.ny.us/Home/Leadership/City_Comptroller/economy
35. ^http://www.buffalonews.com/feed/signs-of-economic-revival-finally-appear-20140125
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.buffalo.ny.us/files/1_2_1/Comptroller/CAFR2013.pdf |title=City of Buffalo 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=January 16, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118163443/http://www.ci.buffalo.ny.us/files/1_2_1/Comptroller/CAFR2013.pdf|archivedate=January 18, 2014}}
37. ^
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.geektime.com/2017/05/14/top-10-tech-startups-blooming-in-buffalo/|title = Top 10 tech startups blooming in Buffalo|date = May 14, 2017|author = James Gaskin|website = Geektime}}