词条 | Pygmalion (mythology) |
释义 |
Pygmalion ({{IPAc-en|p|ɪ|g|ˈ|m|eɪ|l|i|ən}}; Ancient Greek: Πυγμαλίων Pugmalíōn, gen.: Πυγμαλίωνος) is a legendary figure of Cyprus. Though Pygmalion is the Greek version of the Phoenician royal name Pumayyaton,[1] he is most familiar from Ovid's narrative poem Metamorphoses, in which Pygmalion was a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had carved. In OvidIn Ovid's narrative, Pygmalion was a Cypriot sculptor who carved a woman out of ivory. According to Ovid, after seeing the Propoetides he was "not interested in women",[2] but his statue was so beautiful and realistic that he fell in love with it. In time, Aphrodite's festival day came, and Pygmalion made offerings at the altar of Aphrodite. There, too scared to admit his desire, he quietly wished for a bride who would be "the living likeness of my ivory girl." When he returned home, he kissed his ivory statue, and found that its lips felt warm. He kissed it again, and found that the ivory had lost its hardness. Aphrodite had granted Pygmalion's wish. Pygmalion married the ivory sculpture which changed to a woman under Aphrodite's blessing. In Ovid's narrative, they had a daughter, Paphos, from whom the city's name is derived. In some versions Paphos was a son, and they also had a daughter, Metharme.[3] Ovid's mention of Paphos suggests that he was drawing on a more circumstantial account[4] than the source for a passing mention of Pygmalion in Pseudo-Apollodorus' Bibliotheke, a Hellenic mythography of the 2nd-century AD.[5] Perhaps he drew on the lost narrative by Philostephanus that was paraphrased by Clement of Alexandria.[6] Pygmalion is the Greek version of the Phoenician royal name Pumayyaton, and figures in the legend of Paphos in Cyprus. Parallels in Greek mythThe story of the breath of life in a statue has parallels in the examples of Daedalus, who used quicksilver to install a voice in his statues; of Hephaestus, who created automata for his workshop; of Talos, an artificial man of bronze; and (according to Hesiod) of Pandora, who was made from clay at the behest of Zeus. The moral anecdote of the "Apega of Nabis", recounted by the historian Polybius, described a supposed mechanical simulacrum of the tyrant's wife, that crushed victims in her embrace. The trope of a sculpture so lifelike that it seemed about to move was a commonplace with writers on works of art in antiquity. This trope was inherited by writers on art after the Renaissance.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} Reinterpretations{{In popular culture|date=November 2017}}The basic Pygmalion story has been widely transmitted and re-presented in the arts through the centuries. At an unknown date, later authors give as the name of the statue that of the sea-nymph Galatea or Galathea. Goethe calls her Elise, based upon the variants in the story of Dido/Elissa. A variant of this theme can also be seen in the story of Pinocchio, in which a wooden puppet is transformed into a "real boy", though in this case the puppet possesses sentience prior to its transformation; it is the puppet and not its creator, the woodcarver Mister Geppetto, who beseeches the divine powers for the miracle. In the final scene of William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, a statue of Queen Hermione which comes to life is revealed as Hermione herself, so bringing the play to a conclusion of reconciliations. In George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, a modern variant of the myth with a subtle hint of feminism, the underclass flower-girl Eliza Doolittle is metaphorically "brought to life" by a phonetics professor, Henry Higgins, who teaches her to refine her accent and conversation and otherwise conduct herself with upper-class manners in social situations. This play in turn inspired the film Pygmalion, as well as the play My Fair Lady and the film My Fair Lady. The film Lars and the Real Girl tells the story of a man who designs a doll and treats her as a real person in order to reconnect with the rest of the world. Although she never comes to life, he believes she is real, and in doing so develops more connections to his community. When he no longer needs her, he lets her go. This is a reversal of the myth of Pygmalion.[7] PaintingsThe story has been the subject of notable paintings by Agnolo Bronzino, Jean-Léon Gérôme (Pygmalion and Galatea), Honoré Daumier, Edward Burne-Jones (four major works from 1868–1870, then again in larger versions from 1875–1878 with the title Pygmalion and the Image), Auguste Rodin, Ernest Normand, Paul Delvaux, Francisco Goya, Franz von Stuck, François Boucher, and Thomas Rowlandson, among others. There have also been numerous sculptures of the "awakening". LiteratureOvid's Pygmalion has inspired many works of literature, some of which are listed below. The popularity of the Pygmalion myth surged in the 19th century. PoemsEngland
Scotland
Ireland
Germany
Romania
United States
Nicaragua
Short stories
Novels and plays
Other
Opera, ballet, and music
Stage playsThere have also been successful stage-plays based upon the work, such as W. S. Gilbert's Pygmalion and Galatea (1871). It was revived twice, in 1884 and in 1888. In January, 1872, Ganymede and Galatea opened at the Gaiety Theatre. This was a comic version of Franz von Suppé's Die schöne Galathee, coincidentally with Arthur Sullivan's brother, Fred Sullivan, in the cast. In March 1872, William Brough's 1867 play Pygmalion; or, The Statue Fair was revived, and in May of that year, a visiting French company produced Victor Massé's Galathée. In 1883, the musical burlesque Galatea, or Pygmalion Reversed was performed at the Gaiety Theatre with a libretto by Henry Pottinger Stephens and W. Webster, and a score composed by Wilhelm Meyer Lutz. George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion (1912, staged 1914) owes something to both the Greek Pygmalion and the legend of "King Cophetua and the beggar maid"; in which a king lacks interest in women, but one day falls in love with a young beggar-girl, later educating her to be his queen. Shaw's comedy of manners in turn was the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady (1956), as well as numerous other adaptations. P. L. Deshpande's play Ti Fulrani ("Queen of Flowers") is also based on Shaw's Pygmalion. The play was a huge success in Marathi theater and has earned many accolades. Madhu Rye adapted Pygmalion in Gujarati as Santu Rangili (1976) which was successful. Television{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}
Movies
Interactive fiction
Audio drama/podcasts
See also
Notes1. ^See Pygmalion of Tyre. 2. ^Morford, Mark (2007). "Classical Mythology". Oxford University Press, p. 184 3. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke, iii.14.3. 4. ^The Greek sources of Ovid's tale are fully discussed at Galatea. 5. ^Bibliotheke, iii.14.3 simply mentions "Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus." 6. ^Clement, Exhortation to the Greeks, 4: "So the well-known Pygmalion of Cyprus fell in love with an ivory statue; it was of Aphrodite and was naked. The man of Cyprus is captivated by its shapeliness and embraces the statue. This is related by Philostephanus". 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Bazzoli|first1=Meredith|title=The Metamorphoses of the Pygmalion Myth: A Narrative Critique of Lars and the Real Girl|url=http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/6/8/1/8/p368185_index.html|website=allacademic|publisher=NCA 95th Annual Convention|accessdate=5/2/2018}} 8. ^The invention of the name Galatea is modern; Falconet's title was Pygmalion aux pieds de sa statue qui s'anime, "Pygmalion at the feet of his statue, which comes to life". 9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00904105&id=q4gLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA199 |title=The Works of John Marston |author=John Marston |page=199 |website=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xwe8ck-_XMC |title=The Works of John Dryden, Volume VII: Poems, 1697-1700 |author=John Dryden |website=Books.google.com |date=2002-09-01 |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Lg-AAAAYAAJ |title=The Poetical Works of Thomas Lovell Beddoes: Memoir. Poems collected in 1851 ... |author=Thomas Lovell Beddoes |website=Books.google.com |date=2009-01-28 |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCHg1wzJWE0C |title=Remains in Verse and Prose of Arthur Henry Hallam: With a Preface and Memoir |author=Arthur Henry Hallam |website=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 13. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBgWAAAAYAAJ |title=Sammlung |author=Robert Williams Buchanan |website=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/morris/ep1/index.htm |title=The Earthly Paradise (March–August) Index |website=Sacred-texts.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://shslboyd.pbworks.com/f/poems+about+Pygmalion+and+Galatea.pdf |format=PDF |title=Poems about Pygmalion and Galatea |website=Shslboyd.pbworks.com |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 16. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGs1AAAAMAAJ |title=Pygmalion |author=Thomas Woolner |website=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 17. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MfycmIdNWoC |title=Daphne and Other Poems |author=Frederick Tennyson |website=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 18. ^ {{dead link|date=November 2016}} 19. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090504105533/http://www.freewebs.com/carolannduffypoems/Pygmalion%27s%20Bride.htm] 20. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCYkAAAAMAAJ |title=A Sculptor, and Other Poems |author=Emily Henrietta Hickey |website=Books.google.com |date=2006-12-30 |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 21. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRJAAAAMAAJ |title=The Minor Poems of Schiller of the Second and Third Periods: With a Few of ... |website=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.romanianvoice.com/poezii/poezii/galateea.php |title=Poezii Romanesti |website=Romanianvoice.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 23. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb8pAAAAYAAJ |title=Poems |author=Grace Greenwood |website=Books.google.com |date=2008-07-17 |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/1883/05/0034264 |title=Galatea |author=Elizabeth Stuart Phelps |website=Harpers.org |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://oldpoetry.com/opoem/67959-Edward-Rowland-Sill-Hermione |title=Hermione by Edward Rowland Sill - Famous poems, famous poets. - All Poetry |website=Oldpoetry.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 26. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_lIqEo8c9wC |title=Collected Poems, 1912-1944 |author1=Hilda Doolittle |author2=Louis L. Martz |website=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 27. ^{{cite journal|jstor=20593401|title=Pygmalion|author=Katham Pollitt|journal=Poetry|volume= 134| issue = 1|date=April 1979|page=14|publisher=Poetry Foundation}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://oldpoetry.com/opoem/24504-Joseph-Brodsky-Galatea-Encore |title=Galatea Encore by Joseph Brodsky - Famous poems, famous poets. - All Poetry |website=Oldpoetry.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 29. ^ {{dead link|date=November 2016}} 30. ^1 {{cite journal|jstor=375627|title=The American Galatea|author=Judith H. Montgomery|journal=College English|volume=32| issue = 8|date=May 1971|pages=890–899|publisher=National Council of Teachers of English}} 31. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7gBAAAAQAAJ |title=Phantastes: a faerie romance |author=George Macdonald |website=Books.google.com |date=2006-07-11 |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpvtF-WkdEAC |title=Pygmalion: scčne lyrique |author1=Jean-Jacques Rousseau |author2=Horace Coignet |website=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://lunaticsoul.com/the-albums |title=the albums – lunatic soul |website=Lunaticsoul.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-25}} 34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://theknow.denverpost.com/2018/02/07/wonderbound-aphrodites-switchboard-dance-2018/175466/|title=Dance: In Wonderbound’s latest, Greek gods play matchmaker during The Depression|date=2018-02-07|work=The Know|access-date=2018-04-24|language=en-US}} 35. ^{{Cite journal|last=Grech|first=Grech|date=August 2012|title=The Pinocchio Syndrome: Revisited|url=http://www.shadowservices.com/humanities/humanities/pinocchio%20syndrome2.pdf|journal=The New York Review of Science Fiction|volume=|pages=17|quote=The wife of Dr. Soong, Data’s creator, is such an individual, created by Dr. Soong himself in Pygmalion fashion, complete with real memories, as a replacement when his original wife died. When the Enterprise crew accidentally discover this, Data chooses not to reveal her true nature to her, deeming that it is more important for her to live a normal and happy life, believing herself to be human ("Inheritance"). This is prefigured by the original Star Trek episode "Requiem for Methuselah" (1969), wherein an immortal human strives to create an immortal android woman companion who initially does not know that she is an artificial construct, and on discovering emotions, her brain overloads, causing her termination.|via=}} 36. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.dininginthevoid.com/characters|title=Characters {{!}} Dining in the Void|website=Audio Drama {{!}} Dining in the Void|language=en|access-date=2018-07-06}} 37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ToQKiBwLhGvyp7KDr8SVLeaUKummmqcovVjFcWqzMHQ/edit?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook|title=6. Aligning Their Goals [Transcript]|website=Google Docs|language=en|access-date=2018-07-06}} References{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Pygmalion and Galatea}}
6 : Ancient Cypriots|Fictional artisans|Greek mythological priestesses|History of Cyprus|Kings in Greek mythology|Roman mythology |
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