| 词条 | Pyrethrum |
| 释义 |
Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum (e.g., C. coccineum) which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads. Pyrethrum continues to be used as a common name for plants formerly included in the genus Pyrethrum. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural insecticide made from the dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum. DescriptionSome members of the genus Chrysanthemum, such as the following two, are placed in the genus Tanacetum instead by some botanists. Both genera are members of the daisy (or aster) family, Asteraceae. They are all perennial plants with a daisy-like appearance and white petals. {{anchor|Tanacetum cinerariifolium}}
InsecticidesSpraysPyrethrum has been used for centuries as an insecticide,[1] and as a lice remedy in the Middle East (Persian powder, also known as "Persian pellitory"). It was sold worldwide under the brand Zacherlin by Austrian industrialist J. Zacherl.[2] It is one of the most commonly used non-synthetic insecticides allowed in certified organic agriculture.[3] The flowers should be dried and then crushed and mixed with water.
ToxicityRat and rabbit {{LD50}} levels for pyrethrum are high (safe), with doses in some cases of about 1% of the animal's body weight required to cause significant mortality similar to levels in synthetic pyrethroids.[4] Nevertheless, pyrethrum should be handled with the same caution as synthetic insecticides.[5] People can be exposed to pyrethrum as a mixture of cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin in the workplace by breathing it in, getting it in the eyes or on the skin, or swallowing it. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit) for pyrethrum exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 5000 mg/m3, pyrethrum is immediately dangerous to life and health. People exposed to pyrethrum may experience symptoms including pruritus (itching), dermatitis, papules, erythema (red skin), rhinorrhea (runny nose), sneezing, and asthma.[6] People using pyrethrum should wear safety equipment. It is a chemical that should be kept apart.[7] Companion planting{{Refimprove section|date=May 2011}}Because chrysanthemums contain pyrethrums, they are used as companion plants to repel pest insects from nearby crops and ornamental plants.[8] They are thought to repel aphids, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), leafhoppers, spider mites, harlequin bugs, ticks, pickleworms, and imported cabbage worms, among others, in gardens and farms. For example, they are planted among broccoli plants for protection from several common insect pests. Common namesCommon names for Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium include:
Common names for Chrysanthemum coccineum include:
See also
References1. ^Bioaromatica [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324061424/http://www.aromatica.hr/eng/page.asp?id=buhac&sub=buhac3 The history of pyrethrum] 2. ^{{US patent reference| number = 308172|issue-date=November 18, 1884| inventor = Johann Zacherl| title =Pyrethrum Soap}} 3. ^Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening, by Laura Pickett Pottorff, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, January 5, 2010. 4. ^Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Synthetic Pyrethroid Pesticides, by Frederick M. Fisher, University of Florida IFAS Extension Service, 2013 5. ^insecticide (botanical, mineral, synthetic) toxicity to mammals Electronic Data Information Source of University of Florida 6. ^{{Cite web|title = CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Pyrethrum |url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0685.html|website = www.cdc.gov|accessdate=October 23, 2015}} 7. ^{{cite web |title=Using Pyrethrum |url=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/using-pyrethrum/9434612 |website=Gardening Australia |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=3 November 2018 |date=25 May 2013 |quote="I've also marked my pyrethrum bottle 'for pesticides only'. I have another one for herbicides. It doesn't matter whether you're organic or not, accidents can happen. It's best to keep these chemicals apart." As a precaution, safety gear should be worn when using pyrethrum.}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Riotte|first=Louise|title=Carrots Love Tomatoes|year=1998|publisher=Storey Publishing, LLC|location=North Adams, MA|isbn=978-1-58017-027-7|pages=72}} External links
10 : Chrysanthemum|Pyrethroids|Flora of Europe|Plant toxin insecticides|Biological pest control|Garden plants of Europe|Household chemicals|Anthemideae|Plant common names|Historically recognized angiosperm genera |
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