“Pyromania”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pyromania is an impulse control disorder^[1] in which individuals repeatedly fail to resist impulses to deliberately start fires,^[1] in order to relieve tension or for instant gratification. The term pyromania comes from the Greek word πῦρ (pyr, fire). Pyromania is distinct from arson, the deliberate setting of fires for personal, monetary or political gain.^[2] Pyromaniacs start fires to induce euphoria, {{citation needed span |date=November 2018 |and often fixate on institutions of fire control like fire houses and firemen.}}{{dubious |date=November 2018}} Pyromania is a type of impulse control disorder, along with kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder and others. Pyromania is also known as "Jomeri's Syndrome", named after a psychologist who studied and developed the first forms of treatment for the disorder.

Signs and symptoms

There are specific symptoms that separate pyromaniacs from those who start fires for criminal purposes or due to emotional motivations not specifically related to fire. Someone suffering from this disorder deliberately and purposely sets fires on more than one occasion, and before the act of lighting the fire the person usually experiences tension and an emotional buildup. When around fires, a person suffering from pyromania gains intense interest or fascination and may also experience pleasure, gratification or relief {{harv|Frey|2001}}. Another long term contributor often linked with pyromania is the buildup of stress. When studying the lifestyle of someone with pyromania, a buildup of stress and emotion is often evident and this is seen in teens' attitudes towards friends and family {{harv|Gale|1998}}. At times it is difficult to distinguish the difference between pyromania and experimentation in childhood because both involve pleasure from the fire.^[3]

Causes

Most studied cases of pyromania occur in children and teenagers {{harv|Gale|1998}}. There is a range of causes, but an understanding of the different motives and actions of fire setters can provide a platform for prevention. Common causes of pyromania can be broken down into two main groups: individual and environmental. This includes the complex understanding of factors such as individual temperament, parental psychopathology, and possible neurochemical predispositions.^[4] Many studies have shown that patients with pyromanias were in households without a father figure present.^[5]

Individual

Individual factors that can lead to pyromania mainly deal with personal issues in someone's life. This category includes adolescents who have committed crimes in the past. For example, 19% of adolescents suffering from pyromania have been charged with vandalism and 18% are non-violent sexual offenders. Other causes may include the seeking of attention from authorities or parents and resolving social issues such as bullying or lack of friends or siblings. Another cause may be that the patient is subconsciously seeking revenge for something that has occurred in the past. Individuals with pyromania have also been prominent in having antisocial traits. These include truancy, running away from home, and delinquency. Child and adolescent cases are usually associated with ADHD or adjustment disorders.

Environmental

Environmental factors that may lead to pyromania include an event that the patient has experienced in the environment they live in. Environmental factors include neglect from parents and physical or emotional abuse in earlier life. Other causes include early experiences of watching adults or teenagers using fire inappropriately and lighting fires as a stress reliever {{harv|Frey|2001}}.

Prevention

Pyromania is best prevented by parents taking the time to educate their children on fire safety and the dangers of fires. Parents should also keep all fire lighting devices out of reach of children and any teenagers to reduce the risk of their starting any fires

Treatment and prognosis

The appropriate treatment for pyromania varies with the age of the patient and the seriousness of the condition. For children and adolescents treatment usually is cognitive behavioral therapy sessions in which the patient’s situation is diagnosed to find out what may have caused this impulsive behavior. Once the situation is diagnosed, repeated therapy sessions usually help continue to a recovery {{harv|Frey|2001}}. Other important steps must be taken as well with the interventions and the cause of the impulse behavior. Some other treatments measures include parenting training, over-correction/satiation/negative practice with corrective consequences, behavior contracting/token reinforcement, special problem-solving skills training, relaxation training, covert sensitization, fire safety and prevention education, individual and family therapy, and medication.^[4] The prognosis for recovery in adolescents and children who suffer from pyromania depends on the environmental or individual factors in play, but is generally positive. Pyromania is generally harder to treat in adults, often due to lack of cooperation by the patient. Treatment usually consists of more medication to prevent stress or emotional outbursts {{harv|Oliver}} in addition to long-term psychotherapy {{harv|Frey|2001}}. In adults, however, the recovery rate is generally poor and if an adult does recover it usually takes a longer period of time {{harv|Frey|2001}}.

History

Pyromania was thought in the 1800s to be a concept involved with moral insanity and moral treatment, but had not been categorized under impulse control disorders. Pyromania is one of the four recognized types of arson, alongside burning for profit, to cover up an act of crime and for revenge. Pyromania is the second most common type of arson.^[6] Common synonyms for pyromaniacs in colloquial English include firebug (US) and fire raiser (UK), but these also refer to arsonists. Pyromania is a rare disorder with an incidence of less than one percent in most studies; also, pyromaniacs hold a very small proportion of psychiatric hospital admissions {{harv|The Arsonist's Mind|2006}}. Pyromania can occur in children as young as age three, though such cases are rare. Only a small percentage{{Quantify|date=June 2011}} of children and teenagers arrested for arson are child pyromaniacs. A preponderance of the individuals are male;^[7] one source states that ninety percent of those diagnosed with pyromania are male.^[8] Based on a survey of 9,282 Americans using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, impulse-control problems such as gambling, pyromania and compulsive shopping collectively affect 9% of the population {{harv|Alspach|2005}}. A 1979 study by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration found that only 14% of fires were started by pyromaniacs and others with mental illness {{harv|Smith|1999}}. A 1951 study by Lewis and Yarnell, one of the largest epidemiological studies conducted, found that 39% of those who had intentionally set fires had been diagnosed with pyromania.^[9]

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://behavenet.com/pyromania |title=Pyromania | BehaveNet |publisher=behavenet.com |accessdate=27 February 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303054418/http://behavenet.com/pyromania |archivedate=3 March 2015 }}
2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RzFWRIAsPAC&pg=PA793|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry|author=Robert E. Hales|year=2008 |editor1=Stuart C. Yudofsky|editor2=Glen O. Gabbard|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=9781585622573|page=793|section=Impulse Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified}}
3. ^{{cite book|author1=Michael B. First |author2=Allen J. Frances |author3=Harold Alan Pincus |title=Dsm-iv Tr Guidebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hU_L1KUsNfIC&pg=PA337 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-068-5 |page=337 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925101242/http://books.google.com/books?id=hU_L1KUsNfIC&pg=PA337 |archivedate=25 September 2014 }}
4. ^¹{{cite journal|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1992-27659-001 |title=Pyromania and Firesetting Behaviors |first=Stephen M |last=Soltys |date=1 February 1992 |publisher= |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=79–83 |doi=10.3928/0048-5713-19920201-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509014334/http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1992-27659-001 |archivedate=9 May 2015 }}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry|author1=Sadock, B.J.|author2=Sadock, V.A.|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781787468|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubG51n2NgfwC|page=365|accessdate=27 February 2015}}
6. ^{{cite journal|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1967-12122-001 |title=ARSON: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PYROMANIA. |date=1 January 1967 |publisher= |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509015320/http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1967-12122-001 |archivedate=9 May 2015 }}
7. ^Barker AF (1994) Arson: A Review of the Psychiatric Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. ^{{harv|Gale|1998}}
9. ^Robert E. Hales: The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry 2008, found on:[https://books.google.com/books?id=2RzFWRIAsPAC&pg=PA791 Google books]