词条 | Education in personalized medicine |
释义 |
TrainingAs of 2009, the majority of primary care physicians did not have adequate training in genetics or genomics.[2] Although medical school curricula typically include medical genetics, fewer than half offer a standalone course, and the emphasis on practical applications is weak.[1][2][6] In the United States, Stanford University was the first medical school in the United States to offer a course teaching the interpretation of genetic data.[7] Students were able to study their own genotypes, determined using commercially available genotyping platforms (23andMe or Navigenics).[8] Although there was skepticism that this would improve educational outcomes,[8] a survey later showed that this had increased students’ enthusiasm for the subject.[9] A similar class is offered at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, launched in 2012, in which students have the option of analyzing their entire genome sequence instead of only their genotype.[10][11] Personal genotyping and educationIn 2010, the University of California, Berkeley offered entering students a genetic test for SNPs affecting alcohol, lactose, and folate metabolism.[12][13] The goal was “to spark discussion during orientation on how genetic testing works, the results of the students' tests and their decisions on whether or not to participate.”[8] However, criticism of the program led to an informational hearing by the California State Committee on Higher Education, and a bill was introduced by Chris Norby to prevent California state universities from genetically testing their students.[14][15] The California Department of Public Health concluded that the program constituted clinical testing, and the university released only aggregate information instead of personal results.[16][17] As described in the preceding section, in some courses on personalized medicine, students have been able to study their personal genetic information. For the Stanford course, which was designed for graduate and medical students, a review was conducted in 2009-2010 by a “joint genotyping task force” including research and clinical faculty, biomedical ethicists, genetic counselors, and legal counsel.[4][12] The recommendations adopted included: making genetic testing optional (with instructors blinded to the choice of the students), strict data confidentiality (only aggregate data was made available during discussions), incorporation of lectures discussing issues related to personal genotyping, and availability of genetic counseling to students if necessary.[4] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Lamb | first1 = N. E. | last2 = Myers | first2 = R. M. | last3 = Gunter | first3 = C. | doi = 10.2217/pme.09.57 | title = Education and personalized genomics: Deciphering the public's genetic health report | journal = Personalized Medicine | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 681–690 | year = 2009 | pmid = 20161675 | pmc =2821046 }} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Salari | first1 = K. | title = The Dawning Era of Personalized Medicine Exposes a Gap in Medical Education | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000138 | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = e1000138 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19707267 | pmc =2719811 }} 3. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = McKinnon | first1 = R. | last2 = Anderson | first2 = C. | doi = 10.5688/ajpe756107 | title = Transforming Pharmaceutical Education to Accelerate the Acceptance and Implementation of Personalized Medicine | journal = American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education | volume = 75 | issue = 6 | pages = 107 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21931445 | pmc =3175667 }} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Salari | first1 = K. | last2 = Pizzo | first2 = P. A. | last3 = Prober | first3 = C. G. | doi = 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182223acf | title = Commentary: To Genotype or Not to Genotype? Addressing the Debate Through the Development of a Genomics and Personalized Medicine Curriculum | journal = Academic Medicine | volume = 86 | issue = 8 | pages = 925–927 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21795901 | pmc = }} 5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Robertson | first1 = J. A. | title = The $1000 Genome: Ethical and Legal Issues in Whole Genome Sequencing of Individuals | doi = 10.1162/152651603322874762 | journal = The American Journal of Bioethics | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 35–36 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14735880 | pmc = }} 6. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Thurston | first1 = V. C. | last2 = Wales | first2 = P. S. | last3 = Bell | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Torbeck | first4 = L. | last5 = Brokaw | first5 = J. J. | title = The Current Status of Medical Genetics Instruction in U.S. And Canadian Medical Schools | doi = 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31803e86c5 | journal = Academic Medicine | volume = 82 | issue = 5 | pages = 441–445 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17457062 | pmc = }} 7. ^{{cite news |title=Stanford genotype class asks: What's your type? |author=Kathryn Roethel |url=http://www.sfgate.com/education/article/Stanford-genotype-class-asks-What-s-your-type-3258926.php |newspaper=SFGate |date=July 12, 2010 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Exposing the Student Body: Stanford Joins U.C. Berkeley in Controversial Genetic Testing of Students |author=Ferris Jabr |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=exposing-the-student-body |newspaper=Scientific American|date=September 24, 2012 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} 9. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Vernez | first1 = S. | last2 = Salari | first2 = K. | last3 = Ormond | first3 = K. E. | last4 = Lee | first4 = S. S. O. J. N. | title = Personal genome testing in medical education: Student experiences with genotyping in the classroom | doi = 10.1186/gm428 | journal = Genome Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 24 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23510111 | pmc = 3706781}} 10. ^{{cite news |title=Student Physician, Sequence Thyself |author= |url=http://www.genomeweb.com/blog/student-physician-sequence-thyself |newspaper=Genome Web Daily News |date=October 10, 2012 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} 11. ^{{cite news |title=Personal genomics in the classroom: Students sequence themselves |author=Monya Baker |url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/10/personal-genomics-in-the-classroom-students-sequence-themselves.html |newspaper=Nature News Blog |date=October 11, 2012 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal |title=A DNA education |author= |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v465/n7300/full/465845b.html |newspaper=Nature |date=June 16, 2010 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |volume=465 |issue=7300 |doi=10.1038/465845b |pages=845–846}} 13. ^{{cite news |title=College bound, DNA swab in hand |author=Tamar Lewin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/education/19dna.html|newspaper=Nature |date=May 18, 2010 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} 14. ^{{cite news |title=UC Berkeley DNA testing goes before state committee |author=Rachel Gross |url=http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/08/11/dna-testing-at-u-c-berkeley-goes-before-state-committee/ |newspaper=Berkeleyside |date=August 11, 2010 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=California Legislation Seeks to Bar UC Berkeley's Genetic Testing Plans |author= |url=http://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/california-legislation-seeks-bar-uc-berkeleys-genetic-testing-plans |newspaper=Genome Web Daily News |date=July 14, 2010 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} 16. ^{{cite news |title=State halts UC Berkeley’s gene testing plans |author=Alla Katsnelson |url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2010/08/state_halts_uc_berkeleys_gene_1.html |newspaper=Nature News Blog |date=August 12, 2010 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} 17. ^{{cite news |title=The Right Type: Personal Genetic Testing in the Medical School Curriculum |author=Gina Shaw |url=https://www.aamc.org/newsroom/reporter/feb2012/273822/genetic-testing.html |newspaper=AAMC Reporter |date=February 2012 |accessdate=14 May 2013}} External links
3 : Genomics|Health informatics|Medical education |
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