“Education in Pristina”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, houses a great number of public and private institutions that have withstood the different periods that this country has experienced, fulfilling the academic aspirations of many generations.

Pristina is known for its many educational institutions such as the University "Hasan Prishtina", the National Library of Kosovo, and the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo. Throughout the last century Pristina has attracted a considerable number of students from Kosovo. Today, the city of Pristina hosts a considerable number of intellectuals, professors, academics, students, and professionals in various spheres.

Education in Pristina in the Past

The Foundation of Educational Institutions in Pristina

Among the first schools known in Pristina were those opened during the Ottoman period—that is before 1912.^[1] Albanians were allowed to attend these schools, most of which were religious, with only few of them being secular.^[1] During 1913, in Pristina, few Serbian-language primary schools and gymnasiums were opened.^[2] The period that followed the Ottoman rule, between 1916 and 1918 was also important for the educational system in Kosovo. During this period, Pristina, along with other municipalities such as Ferizaj and Prizren, was occupied by Bulgaria.^[2] Bulgarian occupier did not allow Albanian-language schools, however because of the positive impact of the Austro-Hungarians in the Bulgarian area, some religious catholic schools were allowed in Pristina and other municipalities occupied by them.^[2] In 1916, the Bulgarian National Gymnasium was opened in Pristina.^[2] The situation in terms of education was worse in the region under the rule of Bulgaria compared to the region occupied by Austro-Hungarian forces where 300 Albanian-language schools were allowed to be opened.^[1]

Education during the period under Yugoslavia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

During 1919-1939 in Yugoslavia, all Albanian-language schools were closed and education was allowed only in Serbo-Croatian.^[1] Around four (4) percent of Yugoslav people attended secondary education, with rural areas being the regions with the lowest numbers of participants since access to schools was almost nonexistent.^[1] During this period, the most marginalized group who was deprived from attending schools were girls coming from Muslim families.^[1]

During the World War II Kosovo joined with Albania under Italian occupation.^[1] This marked a positive turn in the educational system in Kosovo and Prishtina/Pristina in particular since schools in Albanian language were allowed to be opened.^[1] Besides hundreds of primary schools opened in Pristina, the first high school in the Albanian language in this municipality, Sami Frasheri, was also founded.^[3] After the World War II, Kosovo was again part of Yugoslavia. During this period, ethnic Albanians were recognized as a national minority and Albanian language was accepted and Albanian-language primary schools were allowed while higher levels of education were offered still only in Serbo-Croatian.^[1] In 1968, the constitution was amended to allow the opening of Albanian-language schools at all levels.^[1]

After the WWII, education in Kosovo was provided in three languages: Serbian, Albanian, and Turkish,^[1] while after 1953 lessons in these three languages were offered in the same school.^[1]

After 1968, the foundation of Albanian-language educational institutions continued.^[1] In 1969, the Albanian University of Pristina was opened.^[1] Texts and teaching materials were imported from Albania, as part of an agreement between the University of Tirana and that of Pristina in 1970.^[1]

In 1981, the University of Pristina consisted of 75 per cent ethnic Albanians out of the 47,000 students attending it.^[1] During the late 70s and early 80s the economic situation in Kosovo and Yugoslavia was worsening. Furthermore, negative discrimination of students based on ethnicity led Albanian students of the University of Pristina to organize a massive protest on March 11, 1981, known as the Student Protests of 1981.^[4] As a result of violent student riots, restrictions in the education of Albanians were imposed again.^[1] As a result of this protest, the previous agreement between Albania and Kosovo, to exchange educational materials, ended and Serbo-Croatian books started to be translated in Albanian to fulfil the needs of the university.^[1] Further, students, teachers and professors who participated in these protests were expelled, thus resulting in more than 260 students and more than 210 teachers/professors expelled.^[1]

The context during the period under Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro

During the period of abolition of Kosovo's autonomy (1989-1990), education in Kosovo faced further changes.^[1] A new curriculum concentrated more in covering Serbian culture and history and that made Serbo-Croatian a compulsory subject in Kosovo high schools was adopted in 1990.^[1] Further, students who wanted to enter secondary schools had to pass a Serbian language test.^[1] As a result, after 1992, there were left only Albanian-language elementary schools while in secondary schools and Pristina University Serbian was the only language of instruction.^[1]

Private Albanian schools

In the 1990s, Kosovars established a parallel education system as a temporary solution to the situation created during that period.^[1] Around 300-450,000 students boycotted the state educational institutions and attended the parallel Albanian-language private schools.^[1] For a period of more than six years, Albanian-Kosovar students attended parallel primary and secondary schools and were unable to attend University as they were neither allowed to enter nor attend the University or Pristina.^[1] These private/parallel schools were located in mosques, private houses, garages, etc.^[1]

On September 1, 1996, President of Serbia, Milošević and Kosovar leader, Rugova signed an agreement that would allow ethnic Albanian students and teachers to return to schools.^[1] However, this agreement was never implemented and this led to protest held between October 1997 and January 1998.^[1] Again, during these protests a number of the students were arrested and beaten by the police. On March 23, 1998, another agreement was signed that allowed Albanian students to return to schools and in the University of Pristina.^[1] However, this agreement did not allow the integration of Albanian students and pupils with the Serbian ones. To maintain this, a shift schedule was applied so that Serb students attended the lectures in the morning and Albanians in the afternoon.^[1] In response to this agreement and as a way to show their disagreement, Serb students and professors at the University of Pristina organized a protest where 10,000 people were gathered.^[1]

The Context during the period and after the ethnic-conflict in 1998-1999

After the conflict, United Mission in Kosovo started working in establishing educational institutions. UNMIK authorities tried to establish schools that would work in a unified system and students be taught in their language of choice.^[5] Among the first changes to be adopted in 2001 were the new curriculum framework and changes in the organization of educational system.^[6] During the time that UNMIK authorities were trying to set up education authorities and institutions in Pristina, Serbian and Albanian education officials restarted schools in this city.^[7]

One factor that had an impact in the education policy-making in Kosovo during that time was the increasing urbanization. According to some estimates, the number of people living in Pristina tripled in size since before the NATO campaign from around 200,000 residents before the conflict to about 650,000 in 2002.^[8] As of 2007-2008, in Pristina, eleven schools (11) were operating in two (2) shifts while one school was operating in fours (4) shifts, due to the high number of pupils.^[9]

Among other problems that existed during that time in Pristina related to education, were the high drop-out rates between primary and secondary school for girls, ethnic minorities and children in rural areas.^[10] Further, in relation to teacher and professor, the major problem was regarding their salaries. At that time, salaries for faculty at the main campus in Pristina were quite low. Few of the professors were paid salaries that were little more than US $100 per month.^[11]

Among the major actions, during what was known as the emergent phase (1999-2002), that the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) took were to reactivate the educational system in Kosovo especially by contributing in improving and building new school infrastructure, accommodating all the students in schools, and formulating and implementing laws and regulations to ensure the proper functioning of the educational system.^[12]

In 2002, MEST formulated a new structure of organizing the educational institutions. From now on the education system would consist of preschool education (from 9 months to six years), compulsory education that consists of 5 years of primary education, 4 years of lower secondary education, and 3 or 4 years of upper secondary education depending on the school.^[13] Based on this organization, as of 2004/2005, in Pristina were only 3 preschool institutions and had 1542 children out of which only five (5) were Bosnian, two (2) Croatian, eight (8) Turkish, two (2) Gorani and four (4) other.^[14] Nonetheless, as of 2007/08, the number of preschool institutions in Pristina increased from 3 to 9 while the number of ethnic minorities attending these institutions decreased in 5, with only two (2) Bosnians and three (3) Turkish.^[15]

Primary and lower-secondary education was based on the 5 + 4 years model since the academic year 2004/05.^[16] In Pristina, in the same academic year, there were 60 primary and lower-secondary schools that provide instruction only in the Albanian language.^[16] The total number of students was 32,370 out of which 15,583 were females and all of them were Albanian students.The average number of students per class in that academic year in Pristina was 26.71.^[17] In the academic year 2005/06 the number of primary and lower-secondary schools increased in 63 and two (2) schools would now offer instruction in other languages as well; however, in 2007/08, this number again decreased in 61 schools with only one of them having mixed languages of instruction.^[18] These schools were attended by 34,703 Albanian, 32 Bosnian students, 30 Ashkali, 1 Roma and 199 Turkish students.^[19]

Since the 2002/03 academic year, upper-secondary education consisted of three (3) or four (4) years, depending on the academic programs set by MEST.^[20] In the academic year 2004/05, there were 12 schools in Pristina that offered lectures only in Albanian language.^[20] Total number of students in this year was 9060 out of which 4423 were, and the average number of students per class was 30.10.^[21] In the academic year 2005/06, two (2) schools out of the total number of 12 became mixed schools adopting other languages of instruction besides Albanian, with one of them being Sami Frasheri.^[22]

In regards to Special Education Institutions, during the period after the conflict and prior to the Independence of Kosovo, there was only one school in Pristina, "Perparimi."^[23] In addition, in the academic year 2004/05 there were a total of 7 private schools: 1 preschool, 3 primary schools, and 3 high schools.^[24] University of Pristina during this period was highly decentralized. It had fourteen faculties and six higher schools. As of 2001, there were more than 19,000 students enrolled.^[11]

The context during after Kosovo's Declaration of Independence

Regulating Authority

After the declaration of Independence, decision-making institutions continued in formulating and adopting education related policies, laws and regulations. The educational competences of the municipality of Pristina are regulated with the Law No. 03/L-068 on Education in the Municipalities of the Republic of Kosovo. Article 4 foresees the exclusive powers of the municipalities as far as the local interest is concerned, while acting in accordance with the applicable legislation with respect to the provisions of public pre-primary, primary and secondary education. Some of the competences of the municipality of Pristina, and other municipalities, include registration and admission of students, license of all public educational institutions, employment of teachers and other school personnel, selection of the Director and/or Deputy Director of educational institutions, payment of the managerial staff as well as other employed personnel, training educators and other professional staff and supervision and inspection of the education process^[25]

Additionally, according to the Law on Local Self Government municipalities are entitled to cooperate with other municipalities and other authorities, including municipalities, institutions and government agencies in the Republic of Serbia, within the field of education.

As far higher education is concerned, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) have all the competences and responsibilities. It is foreseen with the Law on Education in the Municipalities of the Republic of Kosovo and the Law on Higher Education that the aforementioned Ministry is responsible for planning the development of higher education in Kosovo, regulating public and private providers of higher education, promoting equality of opportunity in access and admission to higher education, in staff development and training, establishing a State Council for Higher Education, which advises the Minister on higher education matters, licensing private providers of higher education, and other responsibilities as foreseen by the Law.^[27]

Contemporary Situation of Education in Pristina

Education Sector in Pristina Today, the challenges it faces and the way forward

The Local Government Elections of 2013 produced a new leadership in the Municipality of Pristina. The new Mayor of Pristina, Shpend Ahmeti representing the 'Vetevendosje' or self-determination movement highlighted that during his mandate the area of education is the main priority.^[28]

Currently in the city of Pristina there are only eight public preschools, in which 1,886 children attend education while overall there are 2,074 pupils aged 5–6 years attend pre-primary class in Pristina. 80 percent of children aged 0–6 years are outside the system. In fact, families who succeed to enrol their children in public kindergartens are very privileged because demand exceeds supply up to tenfold. Based on the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, during years 2011 and 2012 in Pristina there were 7,685 children born from mothers with permanent residence in Pristina.^[28]

Current issues affecting Education in Pristina are

The city of Pristina has 41 primary schools and lower secondary schools with 34,342 students (MED 2011-2012). Within the city there are 22 primary and secondary schools (including Jakova Prenk music school) and the major problems that need to be resolved are:

Another problem highlighted is that high schools in Pristina are forced to accept students coming from other municipalities because of specific profiles that are missing in these municipalities - which has led to overloading of classes.^[28]

Latest Reforms

The first decision undertaken by the new leadership in the Municipality of Pristina, under Mayor Shpend Ahmeti was to increase transparency in the process of interviewing education personnel. The decision enables the participation of the parent council, student council, civil society, and media in interviewing candidates for the selection of educational staff.^[29]

Table 1.0: Population aged 15 and over by educational attainment, ethnicity and sex in the Pristina Municipality

Structure and Attributes of Education institutions in Pristina

Education in Kosovo consists of Pre-primary Education, Primary and Lower-secondary Education, Upper-Secondary Education, and University Education.^[30]

Pre-Primary

Preschool education includes children from ages of 1 to 6 while pre-primary education includes children 5 to 6 years old.

In the academic year 2012/2013, there were 8 preschool institutions in Pristina.^[31] The total number of children enrolled in these institutions was 1,886 out of which 874 were females.^[31] The ethnic composition in these institutions in the same academic year was 1,858 Albanians, 6 Bosnians and 22 Turkish.^[32]

Beside the public preschool institutions in Pristina, there are a number of private ones such as Bardha 1,2,3,4,5, and 6, Te Adi, Eni Adu Ars, Kopshti i Enderrave, Princess, Lepurushi, Folja Jone, Fillesa, Chippolino, Mollekuqja, Dea, Vlera, Mickeymouse, Pejton, Elita, Edina, Yjet e Vegjela, Ultian, Rrona, Binjaket 2, Klea, Heidi, Rina, Linda and Joni.^[34]

Primary and Lower-Secondary

Primary and lower-secondary education is compulsory and consists of two levels. In the first level are included classes 1 to 5 (primary) and in the second level classes 6 to 9 (lower-secondary).^[35] These institutions are attended by children aged 6 –15.^[35]

In Pristina, in the academic year 2012/12, there were 59 schools out of which 57 provided lectures in Albanian language only and 2 schools that provided mixed language lectures.^[36] Total number of students as of 2013 was 32,140 out of which 15,476 were females.^[37] The average number of student per class in Prisstina in the academic year 2012/13 was 24.6.^[37] In the same academic year, primary and lower-secondary education was attended by 31,898 Albanians, 23 Bosnians, 64 Ashkali, and 152 Turkish.^[38]

Upper Secondary Schools

The number of secondary high school in the municipality of Pristina is 14, 12 out of the total number are Albanian Schools and 2 are mixed one.^[40] Statistics show that the recent total number of students in secondary high schools is 6562 female students and 6838 male student with an average of 33.1 students per class.^[40] Students according to ethnicity in low secondary education are 13277 Albanians, 12 Bosnian, 26 Ashkali, 0 Roma, 84 Turks, 0 Egyptian, 1 Gorani, and 0 Croatian.^[40] There is one special school in Prishtina, Përmarimi, for children that have difficulties in development with a total number of 146 students.^[40]

Higher Education

Public Institution

The University of Pristina was inaugurated in 1970 and the courses were taught in two languages: Albanian and Serbian, which enabled Albanian students to study in their mother tongue for what was also the purpose of establishing a university in Kosovo.

Since establishment to 1996, there were 60,000 students who graduated from the University of Pristina from which 38 thousand did so in Albanian language.^[42]

Last year leadership bodies of the University of Pristina decided unanimously to change the name from the University of Pristina to that of University Hasan Prishtina, recognizing one the historical figure of Hasan Prishtina.^[44]

In February 2014 the rector of Kosovo's state university "Hasan Prishtina," Ibrahim Gashi, resigned following protests that took place in late January-early February by students when it was reported that some university professors had published works in fake online journals to gain academic credentials.^[45]

Private Institutions

Table 1.4: List of Private Higher Education Institutions in Pristina which are accredited by the Ministry of Education Science and Technology^[46]

Special Considerations to the Education System in Pristina

Students coming from majority vs non-majority communities

In the region of Prishtinë/Priština students from the Albanian, Bosniak, and Turk communities share the same classes or schools. While schools based on the Serbian curriculum, and in the context of the Pristina Municipality are located in the Municipality of Gračanica/Graçanicë and integrate students from the Serb and Roma communities

The Prishtinë/Priština University offers some Bosnian and Turkish language courses on Turkish philology (50 seats), Bosnian and Turkish language for teachers (35 seats each), information technology (in Bosnian, 35 seats) and business administration (in Bosnian, 80 seats).^[47]

Gender balance

Table 1.5: Gender distribution in the education institutions in the city of Pristina

Safety issues

Many schools in the Pristina Municipality lack a safe and accessible environment for children due to missing fire equipment, while some schools also lacking emergency exits, and students with disabilities not having easy access in schools. For addressing these problems the municipality has laid out the plan to invest in:

Other Educational Institutions in Pristina

The National Library of Kosovo, which has been known with different names throughout the history of Kosovo, is an important educational institution for the city of Pristina.^[50] The current building was inaugurated on November 25, 1982. It has a space of 16,500 square meters and it consists of 99 domes.^[50] This Library serves as the central librarian institution of Kosovo and as center of librarian information in national level.^[50]

Another important library for the city of Pristina is the city library "Hivzi Sulejmani."^[51] This library was supposedly founded in 1945, but has started work in current object in 1947.^[51] During 1953-1956 it has played the role of the national library since the Kosovo National Library was closed.^[51]

Academy of Sciences and Art is a necessary institution for the education system that is placed in Pristina.^[52] This institution was founded in 1975 as the Association of Science and Arts of Kosovo.^[52] On April 18, 1978, the Association was transformed into the Academy of Sciences and Art. The role of this Academy was and is to contribute in scientific research.^[52]

References

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5. ^"Parallel worlds – Rebuilding the education system in Kosovo", IIEP, p.8
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11. ^¹"Parallel worlds – Rebuilding the education system in Kosovo", IIEP, p.62
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25. ^LAW NO. 03/L-068 ON EDUCATION IN THE MUNICIPALITIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO.http://gazetazyrtare.rks-gov.net/Documents/anglisht-85.pdf
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43. ^http://www.uni-pr.edu/Universiteti/Historiku.aspx The History of the University of Prishtina.
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50. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.biblioteka-ks.org/Biblioteka_Botime/Viti6Nr22009.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501032049/http://www.biblioteka-ks.org/Biblioteka_Botime/Viti6Nr22009.pdf |archivedate=2014-05-01 |df= }} p.10
51. ^¹²[https://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtina/Municipality/Departments/Kultures, Rinise, Sportit/Kulture/Bibliotekat.aspx]
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