| 词条 | Pączki | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Pączki | image = Polskie_pączki.jpg | caption = Glazed pączki | alternate_name = | country = Poland | region = | creator = | course = | type = Pastry | served = | main_ingredient = Yeast-based dough, grain alcohol, confiture or other sweet filling, powdered sugar, icing, glaze or bits of dried orange zest | variations = | calories = | other = | commons = Pączki }} {{lang|pl|Pączki}} ({{IPA-pl|ˈpɔntʂkʲi|lang|Pl-pączki.ogg}}; singular: {{lang|pl|pączek}} {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔntʂɛk|}}; {{lang-csb|pùrcle}}; {{lang-szl|kreple}}) are filled doughnuts found in Polish cuisine. DescriptionPączki are deep-fried pieces of dough shaped into flattened spheres and filled with confiture or other sweet filling. Pączki are usually covered with powdered sugar, icing, glaze or bits of dried orange zest. A small amount of grain alcohol (traditionally rectified spirit) is added to the dough before cooking; as it evaporates, it prevents the absorption of oil deep into the dough.[1] Pączki are commonly thought of as fluffy but somewhat collapsed, with a bright stripe around them; these features are seen as evidence that the dough was fried in fresh oil.[2][3]Although they look like German berliners, North American bismarcks or jelly doughnuts, pączki are made from especially rich dough containing eggs, fats, sugar, yeast and sometimes milk. They feature a variety of fruit and creme fillings and can be glazed, or covered with granulated or powdered sugar. Powidła (stewed plum jam) and wild rose hip jam[1][4] are traditional fillings, but many others are used as well, including strawberry, Bavarian cream, blueberry, custard, raspberry, and apple.[5] {{lang|pl|Pączki}} have been known in Poland at least since the Middle Ages. Jędrzej Kitowicz has described that during the reign of August III, under the influence of French cooks who came to Poland, pączki dough was improved, so that pączki became lighter, spongier, and more resilient.Etymology, spelling and pronunciationThe Polish word {{lang|pl|pączek}} {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔntʂɛk|}} (plural: {{lang|pl|pączki}} {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔntʂkʲi|}}) is a diminutive of the Polish word {{lang|pl|pąk}} {{IPA-pl|ˈpɔŋk|}} "bud".{{sfn|Żmigrodzki|loc="pączek"}} The latter derives from Proto-Slavic {{lang|und|*pǫkъ|italic=yes}}, which may have referred to anything that is round, bulging and about to burst (compare Proto-Slavic {{lang|und|*pǫkti|italic=yes}} "to swell, burst"), possibly of ultimately onomatopoeic origin.{{sfnp|Bralczyk|2014|p=127}}{{sfnp|Derksen|2008|pp=416–417}} From Polish the word has been borrowed into several other Slavic languages, where the respective loanwords ({{transl|ru|ponchik}}{{efn|{{lang-ru|пончик}}.}}, {{transl|uk|ponchyk}}{{efn|{{lang-uk|пончик}}, {{lang-be|пончык}}.}} or {{transl|bg|ponichka}}{{efn|{{lang-bg|поничка}}.}}) refer to a similar ball-shaped pastry.{{sfnp|Ushakov|1940|loc=[https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ushakov/958698 пончик]}}{{sfnp|Boldyrev|2003|p=514}}{{sfnp|Georgiev|1999|p=517}} English speakers typically use the plural form of the Polish word in both singular and plural. They pronounce it as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ʊ|n|tʃ|k|i|,_|ˈ|p|ʊ|n|ʃ|-|,_|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|tʃ|-|,_|ˈ|p|ɒ|n|tʃ|-}}{{efn|Respelling: {{respell|PUUNCH|kee|,_|PUUNSH|-|,_|PUNCH|-|,_|PONCH|-}}.}} (the last being closest to the Polish pronunciation) and often write it as "paczki", i.e., without the ogonek (hook-shaped diacritic).{{sfn|Dictionary.com|loc=paczki}}{{sfn|American Heritage Dictionary|loc=[https://www.thefreedictionary.com/paczki paczki]}}{{sfn|Barber|2004|loc=paczki}}{{sfnp|Edge|2006|loc=chapter 7}} This should not be confused with the unrelated Polish word {{lang|pl|paczki}} {{IPA-pl|ˈpatʂkʲi|}}, which is the plural form of {{lang|pl|paczka}} {{IPA-pl|ˈpatʂka|}} "package".{{sfn|Żmigrodzki|loc="paczka"}} Pączki Day
In Poland, {{lang|pl|pączki}} are eaten especially on Fat Thursday ({{lang|pl|Tłusty Czwartek}}), the last Thursday prior to Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent.[6] The traditional reason for making pączki was to use up all the lard, sugar, eggs and fruit in the house, because their consumption was forbidden by Christian fasting practices during the season of Lent. In North America, particularly the large Polish communities of Chicago, Detroit, and other large cities across the Midwest and Northeast, Paczki Day is celebrated annually by immigrants and locals alike. The date of this observance merges with that of pre-Lenten traditions of other immigrants (e.g., Pancake Day, Mardi Gras) on Fat Tuesday. With its sizable Polish population, Chicago celebrates the festival on both Fat Thursday and Fat Tuesday;[7] pączki are also often eaten on Casimir Pulaski Day. In Buffalo, Toledo, Cleveland, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Milwaukee, South Bend, and Windsor, Pączki Day is celebrated on Fat Tuesday. The Pączki Day celebrations in some areas are even larger than many celebrations for St. Patrick's Day.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} In Hamtramck, Michigan, an enclave of Detroit, there is an annual Pączki Day (Shrove Tuesday) Parade,[5] which has gained a devoted following. Throughout the Metro Detroit area, it is so widespread that many bakeries attract lines of customers for pączki on Pączki Day.[8] In some areas, Pączki Day is celebrated with pączki-eating contests. The contest in Evanston, Illinois, started in 2010, and is held on the weekend before Fat Tuesday, while Hamtramck's contest is held on the holiday. United States{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}}These pastries have become popular in the United States as a result of Polish immigrants and marketing by the bakery industry. Sold in bakeries mainly on both Fat Tuesday and Fat Thursday throughout Chicago, they are particularly popular in areas where there is a large concentration of Polish immigrants: Milwaukee Northcentral and Southeastern Wisconsin, Chicago and Northern Illinois, Northwest Indiana, the Greater Detroit and Mid Michigan areas, Toledo, Greater Cincinnati, Greater Cleveland, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Northern and Central New Jersey, Central Connecticut, Western Massachusetts and greater Chicopee. The Polish community in Buffalo has probably one of the largest Fat Thursday events outside of Poland, which is run in cooperation with the monthly Polish Happy Hour Buffalo event. See also{{portal|Food|Poland}}
Notes{{notelist|2}}References1. ^1 {{cite book |last1= Strybel |first1= Robert |last2= Strybel |first2= Maria |lastauthoramp= yes |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UtA6-pyGJmMC&pg=PA670&lpg=PA670&dq=p%C4%85czki+traditional+rose&source=bl&ots=7DEVaVZIb5&sig=cavM8O1Tc1g2Y2DxElU3hb4eaH0&hl=en&ei=IgYLS_aRJ4_K_ga34L3QBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCoQ6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title= Polish Heritage Cookery |publisher= Hippocrene |year= 2005 |page= 270}} 2. ^{{cite web | url = http://tipy.interia.pl/artykul_15447,skad-wzial-sie-tlusty-czwartek.html | title = Skąd wziął się Tłusty Czwartek? Skąd wziął się Tłusty Czwartek? | author = Karolinas | work = Tipy.pl | publisher = Grupa Interia.pl | accessdate = 2016-02-03 | language=pl}} 3. ^{{cite web | url = http://interia360.pl/artykul/tlusty-czwartek,18521 | title = Tłusty Czwartek | author = Anna Hudyka (edited by: Magda Głowala-Habel) | date = 2009-02-18 | work = Interia360.pl | publisher = Grupa Interia.pl | accessdate = 2016-02-03| language=pl}} 4. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.catholic.org/hf/home/story.php?id=18850 |title= Pączki? Hard to say, culinary Lenten treat made by nuns |agency= Catholic News Service |accessdate= November 23, 2009}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.hamtramck.us/events/pages/paczki.php |title=Pazcki day- eat and celebrate | work = www.hamtramck.us (official website of City of Hamtramck, Michigan) | publisher=City of Hamtramck |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315214103/http://www.hamtramck.us/events/pages/paczki.php |archivedate=March 15, 2008 }} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Barbara Ogrodowska|title=Święta polskie: tradycja i obyczaj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFIkAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Alfa|page=124|language=Polish}} 7. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-paczki-2017-restaurant-bakeries-chicago-20170222-story.html |title=Paczki day specials from 33 Chicago restaurants and bakeries |last=Lukach |first=Adam |date=23 February 2017 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |access-date=26 February 2017 |quote=Whether you celebrate Paczki day on Fat Thursday or Fat Tuesday, or both, area bakeries are ready with thousands of the filled treats.}} 8. ^{{cite news |title= Fat Tuesday Can Be Paczki Pandemonium |url= http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2012/02/21/fat-tuesday-can-be-paczki-pandemonium/ |location= Southfield, MI |publisher= WWJ-TV |accessdate=21 February 2012}} Sources{{refbegin|30em}}
|title = American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |url = https://www.thefreedictionary.com |access-date = 2018-02-02 |ref = {{harvid|American Heritage Dictionary}} }}
| editor-last1 = Bańkowski | editor-first1 = Andrzej | year = 2000 | title = Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego | trans-title = Polish etymological dictionary | language = Polish | publisher = Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN | volume = vol. 1 | ref = harv }}
| editor-last = Barber | editor-first = Katherine | editor-link = Katherine Barber | title = The Canadian Oxford Dictionary | edition = 2nd | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2004 | url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195418163.001.0001/acref-9780195418163 | access-date = 2016-12-23 | url-access = subscription | doi = 10.1093/acref/9780195418163.001.0001 | isbn = 978-0-19-541816-3 | ref = harv}}
| editor-last1 = Bizzarri | editor-first1 = Amy | year = 2016 | title = Iconic Chicago Dishes, Drinks and Desserts | publisher = American Palata | location = Charleston, SC | isbn = 978-1-46713-551-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OANLDQAAQBAJ | ref = harv }}
| last = Boldyrev | first = R. V. | editor-last = Melnichuk | editor-first = O. S. | title = Etimologichnyi slovnyk ukrayinskoi movi | trans-title = Etymological Dictionary of Ukrainian Language | script-title = (Етимологічний словник української мови) | location = Kiev | publisher = Naukova dumka | volume = vol. 4 | url = http://ukraineclub.net/etymologichnyii-slovnyk-ukraiinskoii-movy | language = Ukrainian | year = 2003 | isbn = 966-00-0590-3 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Bralczyk | first1 = Jerzy | year = 2014 | title = Jeść!!! | trans-title = Let me eat! | publisher = BOSZ | language = Polish | isbn = 978-83-7576-218-1 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Czerniecki | first1 = Stanisław | author-link = Stanisław Czerniecki | year = 1682 | title = Compendium ferculorum, albo Zebranie potraw | trans-title = A Collection of Dishes | url = http://polona.pl/item/3490233/82/ | language = Polish | location = Kraków | publisher = Drukarnia Jerzego i Mikołaja Schedlów | ref = harv }}
| title = Dictionary.com Unabridged | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/ | access-date = 2018-02-02 | publisher = Random House | ref = {{harvid|Dictionary.com}} }}
| editor-last1 = Doroszewski | editor-first1 = Witold | authorlink = Witold Doroszewski | title = Słownik Języka Polskiego | trans-title = Polish Dictionary | year = 1969 | publisher = Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location = Warszawa | language = Polish | url = http://doroszewski.pwn.pl | ref = harv }}
| editor-last1 = Dumanowski | editor-first1 = Jarosław | editor-last2 = Jankowski | editor-first2 = Rafał | year = 2011 | title = Moda bardzo dobra smażenia różnych konfektów | trans-title = A Very Good Way of Frying Various Confections | series = Monumenta Poloniae Culinaria | volume = vol. 2 | language = Polish | location = Warszawa | publisher = Muzeum Pałac w Wilanowie | isbn = 978-83-60959-18-3 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Dumanowski | first1 = Jarosław | year = 2016 | url = http://dumanowski.natemat.pl/170295,paczki-z-przeszlosci-czyli-tlusty-czwartek-historycznie | title = Pączki z przeszłości, czyli tłusty czwartek historycznie | trans-title = Pączki of the past, or Fat Thursday in history | website = naTemat.pl | access-date = 2018-02-06 | ref = harv }}
| editor-last1 = Edge | editor-first1 = John T. | year = 2006 | title = Donuts: An American Passion | publisher = G.P. Putnam's Sons | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-440-62864-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qP1TmIfv3_oC | ref = harv }}
| last = Georgiev | first = Vladimir Ivanov | title = Blgarski etimologichen rechnik | trans-title = Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary | script-title = (Български етимологичен речник) | year = 1999 | publisher = Marin Drinov | language = Bulgarian | volume = vol. 1 | isbn = 978-95-4430-315-0 | url = https://books.google.de/books?id=PpZiAAAAMAAJ | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Kitowicz | first1 = Jędrzej | year = 1840 | title = Opis obyczajów i zwyczajów za panowania Augusta III |trans-title=Description of customs and habits under Augustus III | publisher = Edward Raczyński | location = Poznań | language = Polish | ref = harv }}
| last = Kuroń | first = Maciej | author-link = Maciej Kuroń | title = Kuchnia polska: Kuchnia Rzeczypospolitej wielu narodów | trans-title = Polish Cuisine: Cuisine of a Commonwealth of Many Nations | year = 2004 | publisher = Czarna Owca | language = Polish | isbn = 83-89763-25-7 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Lemnis | first1 = Maria | author1-link = Tadeusz Żakiej | last2 = Vitry | first2 = Henryk | author2-link = Tadeusz Żakiej | year = 1979 | title = W staropolskiej kuchni i przy polskim stole |trans-title=Old Polish Traditions in the Kitchen and at the Table | publisher = Interpress | location = Warszawa | language = Polish | ref = harv }}
| title = Lista produktów tradycyjnych | trans-title = List of traditional products | url = http://www.minrol.gov.pl/Jakosc-zywnosci/Produkty-regionalne-i-tradycyjne/Lista-produktow-tradycyjnych | access-date = 2016-06-15 | publisher = Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi | language = Polish | ref = {{harvid|Lista produktów tradycyjnych}} }}
| last1 = Łozińska | first1 = Maja | last2 = Łoziński | first2 = Jan | year = 2013 | title = Historia polskiego smaku: kuchnia, stół, obyczaje |trans-title=History of the Polish Taste: Kitchen, Table, Customs | publisher = Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN | location = Warszawa | language = Polish | isbn = 978-83-7705-269-3 | ref = harv }}
| last = Mish | first = Frederick C. | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | edition = 11th | year = 2004 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Neilson | first1 = William Allan | last2 = Knott | first2 = Thomas A. | last3 = Carhart | first3 = Paul W. | title = Webster's New International Dictionary | edition = 2nd | year = 1947 | origyear = 1934 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Strybel | first1 = Robert | last2 = Strybel | first2 = Maria | title = Polish Heritage Cookery | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UtA6-pyGJmMC&printsec=frontcover | origyear = 1993 | year = 2005 | publisher = Hippocrene Books | location = New York | isbn = 0-7818-1124-4 | ref = harv }}
| last = Szymula | first = Elzbieta | chapter = Polish Diet | pages = 277–295 | editor1-last = Thaker | editor1-first = Aruna | editor2-last = Barton | editor2-first = Arlene | title = Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics | year = 2012 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 978-1-4051-7358-2 | url = https://books.google.pl/books?id=YF1YCg5Ig-EC&pg=PA277 | ref = harv }}
| last = Szymanderska | first = Hanna | title = Kuchnia polska: Potrawy regionalne |trans-title=Polish Cuisine: Regional Dishes | year = 2010 | publisher = Świat Książki | location = Warszawa | language = Polish | isbn = 978-83-7799-631-7 | ref = harv }}
| last = Ushakov | first = Dmitry Nikolayevich | authorlink = Dmitry Ushakov | title = Tolkovy slovar russkogo yazyka | trans-title = Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language | script-title = (Толковый словарь русского языка) | location = Moskva | publisher = Sovetskaya entsiklopediya | website = Akademik | url = https://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/ushakov/ | language = Russian | year = 1940 | ref = harv }}
| editor-last1 = Żmigrodzki | editor-first1 = Piotr | title = Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego |trans-title=The Great Polish Dictionary | publisher = Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN | language = Polish | url = http://www.wsjp.pl/ | ref = {{harvid|Żmigrodzki}} }}{{refend}} External links
12 : Doughnuts|Polish desserts|Russian desserts|Ukrainian desserts|Carnival foods|Custard desserts|Culture of Detroit|Culture of Chicago|Culture of Buffalo, New York|Culture of Milwaukee|Michigan culture|Wisconsin culture |
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