“Qadiriyya”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Qadiriyya ({{lang-ar|القادريه}}, {{lang-fa|قادریه}}, also transliterated Qadri, Qadriya, Kadri, Elkadri, Elkadry, Aladray, Alkadrie, Adray, Kadray, Kadiri, Qadiri, Quadri or Qadri) are members of the Qadiri tariqa (Sufi order). The tariqa got its name from Abdul Qadir Gilani (1077–1166, also transliterated Jilani), who was from Gilan. The order relies strongly upon adherence to the fundamentals of Islam.

The order, with its many offshoots, is widespread, particularly in the Arabic-speaking world, and can also be found in Turkey, Indonesia, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Balkans, Russia, Palestine, Israel, China,^[1] and East and West Africa.^[2]

History

The founder of the Qadiriyya, Abdul Qadir Gilani, was a respected scholar and preacher.^[3] Having been a pupil at the madrasa of Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak, he became the leader of this school after al-Mubarak's death in 1119. Being the new sheikh, he and his large family lived in the madrasa until his death in 1166, when his son, Abdul Razzaq, succeeded his father as sheikh. Abdul Razzaq published a hagiography of his father, emphasizing his reputation as founder of a distinct and prestigious Sufi order.^[4]

The Qadiriyya flourished, surviving the Mongolian conquest of Baghdad in 1258, and remained an influential Sunni institution. After the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate, the legend of Gilani was further spread by a text entitled The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul-Qadir's Mysterious Deeds (Bahjat al-asrar fi ba'd manaqib 'Abd al-Qadir) attributed to Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi, who depicted Gilani as the ultimate channel of divine grace^[4] and helped the Qadiri order to spread far beyond the region of Baghdad.^[4]

By the end of the fifteenth century, the Qadiriyya had distinct branches and had spread to Morocco, Spain, Turkey, India, Ethiopia, Somalia, and present-day Mali.^[4] Established Sufi sheikhs often adopted the Qadiriyya tradition without abandoning leadership of their local communities. During the Safavid dynasty's rule of Baghdad from 1508 to 1534, the sheikh of the Qadiriyya was appointed chief Sufi of Baghdad and the surrounding lands.{{who|date=November 2010}} Shortly after the Ottoman Empire conquered Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned a dome to be built on the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani, establishing the Qadiriyya as his main allies in Iraq.

Khawaja Abdul-Allah, a sheikh of the Qadiriyya and a descendant of Muhammad, is reported to have entered China in 1674 and traveled the country preaching until his death in 1689.^[4]^[5] One of Abdul-Allah's students, Qi Jingyi Hilal al-Din, is said to have permanently rooted Qadiri Sufism in China. He was buried in Linxia City, which became the center of the Qadiriyya in China.^[1] By the seventeenth century, the Qadiriyya had reached Ottoman-occupied areas of Europe.

Sultan Bahu contributed to the spread of Qadiriyya in western India. His method of spreading the teachings of the Sufi doctrine of Faqr was through his Punjabi couplets and other writings, which numbered more than 140.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} He granted the method of dhikr and stressed that the way to reach divinity was not through asceticism or excessive or lengthy prayers but through selfless love carved out of annihilation in God, which he called fana.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}}

Sheikh Sidi Ahmad al-Bakka'i ({{lang-ar|الشيخ سيدي أحمد البكاي بودمعة}} of the Kunta family, born in the region of the Noun river, d.{{nbsp}}1504 in Akka) established a Qadiri zawiya (Sufi residence) in Walata. In the sixteenth century the family spread across the Sahara to Timbuktu, Agades, Bornu, Hausaland, and other places, and in the eighteenth century large numbers of Kunta moved to the region of the middle Niger where they established the village of Mabruk. Sidi Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti (1728–1811) united the Kunta factions by successful negotiation, and established an extensive confederation. Under his influence the Maliki school of Islamic law was reinvigorated and the Qadiriyyah order spread throughout Mauritania, the middle Niger region, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Futa Toro, and Futa Jallon. Kunta colonies in the Senegambian region became centers of Muslim teaching.^[6]

Features

Spiritual chain

Offshoots

Halisa – Halisiyya

The Halisa offshoot was founded by Abdurrahman Halis Talabani (1212{{snd}}1275 Hijra) in Kerkuk, Iraq.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} Hungry and miserable people were fed all day in his Tekke without regard for religion.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} Dawlati Osmaniyya donated money and gifts to his Tekke in Kerkuk. Sultan Abdul-Majid Khan's (Khalife of İslam, Sultan of Ottoman Empire) wife Sultana Hatun sent many gifts and donations to his Tekke as a follower.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} Among his followers were many leaders, rulers, and military and government officials.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} It was known to everyone that he lived in complete conviction. Because of the example Talibani set as a religious figure, the people's ties to him were solid and strong. ^[16]

After his death, his branch was populated{{clarify|date=October 2017}} in Turkey, and he was followed by Dede Osman Avni Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Ömer Hüdai Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Muhammed Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Mustafa Hayri Baba, and Sheikh Al-Haj Mehmet Baba. ^[17]

Qadri Noshahi

The Qadri Noshahi^[18] silsila (offshoot) was established by Syed Muhammad Naushah Ganj Bakhsh of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan, in the late sixteenth century. ^[19]

Sarwari Qadiri

Also known as Qadiriya Sultaniya, the order was started by Sultan Bahu in the seventeenth century and spread in the western part of Indian Subcontinent. Hence, it follows most of the Qadiriyya approach. In contrast, it does not follow a specific dress code or require seclusion or other lengthy exercises. Its mainstream philosophy is contemplation of belovedness towards God.^[20]

The Qadiriyya–Mukhtariyya Brotherhood

This branch of the Qadiriyya came into being in the eighteenth century resulting from a revivalist movement led by Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti, a Sufi of the western Sahara who wished to establish Qadiri Sufism as the dominant religion in the region. In contrast to other branches of the Qadiriyya that do not have a centralized authority, the Mukhtariyya brotherhood was highly centralized. Its leaders focused on economic prosperity as well as spiritual well-being, sending their disciples on trade caravans as far away as Europe.^[21]

The Qadiriyya Harariya

The founder of the Qadiriyya Harariya tariqa was Shaykh Hachime Harari.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} His shrine is located in Harar City, Ethiopia. All the shrines of the shaykhs are in Ethiopia and two Shrines of the shaykhs silsila are in Borama City, in the north of Somalia. The current shaykh is Mohamed Nasrudin bin Shaykh Ibrahim Kulmiye of Somalia. The tariqa spread in three countries: Djibouti, Somalia, and Ethiopia.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}}

Qadiriyya Razaviya

Founded by AlaHazrat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan , whose shrine is one of the most visited Dargah AlaHazrat in Bareilly, India. The current leader and successor is Taajusharia Grand mufti of India Mufti Akhtar Raza Khan Barelvi.^[22] With million of followers around the world, the current successor also is listed 25th among the most influential Muslim leaders around the world.^[23]

See also

References

1. ^¹Gladney, Dru. "Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore: Charters for Hui Identity"{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Journal of Asian Studies, August 1987, Vol. 46 (3): 495-532; pp. 48-49 in the PDF file.
2. ^Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. "The Special Sufi Paths (Taqiras)". Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. 86–96.
3. ^Omer Tarin, Hazrat Ghaus e Azam Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani sahib, RA: Aqeedat o Salam, Urdu monograph, Lahore, 1996
4. ^¹²³⁴Tarin
5. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA72&dq=ataq+allah#v=onepage&q=ataq%20allah&f=false|date=1 July 1998|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=88–}}
6. ^Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge University Press, p. 409
7. ^¹²John Porter Brown, The Dervishes, OUP, 1927
8. ^{{cite book|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|first=|last=|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Westerlund|editor2-first=Ingvar|editor2-last=Svanberg|volume=|edition=|year=1999|publisher=St. Martin's Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=weYQMv2RqCgC&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=sufi+china+celibacy#v=onepage&q=sufi%20china%20celibacy&f=false|page=199|isbn=978-0312226916|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
9. ^{{cite book|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|first1=David|last1=Westerlund|first2=Ingvar|last2=Svanberg|volume=|edition=|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=weYQMv2RqCgC&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=sufi+china+celibacy#v=onepage&q=sufi%20china%20celibacy&f=false|page=199|isbn=978-1136113307|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
10. ^{{cite book|title=Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts|first=|last=|editor-first=Leif O.|editor-last=Manger|volume=Volume 26 of NIAS studies in Asian topics: Nordisk Institut for Asienstudier|number=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies : Nias Studies in Asian Topics, Number 26|issn=0142-6028|edition=illustrated|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uHjR3yeIWzUC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=sufi+china+celibacy#v=onepage&q=sufi%20china%20celibacy&f=false|page=118|isbn=978-0700711048|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
11. ^{{cite book|title=The Oxford History of Islam|first=|last=|editor-first=John L.|editor-last=Esposito|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=imw_KFD5bsQC&pg=PA452&lpg=PA452&dq=sufi+china+celibacy#v=onepage&q=sufi%20china%20celibacy&f=false|page=452|isbn=978-0195107999|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
12. ^{{cite book|title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora|first=|last=|editor1-first=Touraj|editor1-last=Atabaki|editor2-first=Sanjyot|editor2-last=Mehendale|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OWMyFWAZLCwC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=sufi+china+celibacy#v=onepage&q=sufi%20china%20celibacy&f=false|page=197|isbn=978-0203495827|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
13. ^{{cite book|title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora|first=Dru C.|last=Gladney|editor1-first=Touraj|editor1-last=Atabaki|editor2-first=Sanjyot|editor2-last=Mehendale|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_EeHWWBpn14C&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=sufi+china+celibacy#v=onepage&q=sufi%20china%20celibacy&f=false|page=197|isbn=978-1134319947|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
14. ^{{cite book|title=Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic|first=Dru C.|last=Gladney|issue=149 of East Asian Monographs|volume=Volume 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs|issn=0073-0483|edition=illustrated|year=1996|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=sufi+china+celibacy#v=onepage&q=sufi%20china%20celibacy&f=false|page=44|isbn=978-0674594975|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
15. ^{{cite book|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|first=Jonathan Neaman|last=Lipman|volume=|edition=|year=1998|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=sufi+china+celibacy#v=onepage&q=sufi%20china%20celibacy&f=false|page=89|isbn=978-0295800554|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
16. ^{{www.kadiriyim.com}}
17. ^{{www.halisaveseckinleri.com}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Burkurdari|first1=Hafiz Muhammad Hayat|title=Tazkirah Noshahia}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Tasawuf/Sufism & teachings of Shams Ali Qalandar|url=http://shamsaliqalandar.blogspot.com/|website=Hazrat Shams Ali Qalandar}}
20. ^{{cite book|author=Sult̤ān Bāhū|title=Death Before Dying: The Sufi Poems of Sultan Bahu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlECx1j0B4IC|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92046-0}}=
21. ^Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. "The Centralized Sufi Brotherhoods." Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. 163–170.
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.alahazrat.net/islam/spiritual-life.php|title=Ahmed Raza Khan spiritual life|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/bareilly/Bareilly-cleric-among-worlds-most-influential-Muslims/articleshow/53605128.cms|title=Akhtar Raza Khan is the most influential Muslim leader|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}