“Qalansawe”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Qalansawe also Qalansuwa ({{lang-ar|قلنسوة}}, {{lang-he-n|קַלַנְסֻוָה}}, lit. "turban")^[2]^[3] is a city in the Central District of Israel. Part of the Triangle, in {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Qalansawe}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}

History

From the ninth century and until the Crusader times, Qalansawe was a stop on the Cairo-Damascus road, between Lajjun and Ramla.^[4]

During the Crusader period, the village was known as Calanson, Calansue, Calanzon or Kalensue.^[5] In 1128, it was given to the Hospitallers by the knight Godfrey of Flujeac.^[5]^[6] Yaqut (†1229) wrote that Qalansawe, Castle of the Plans, of the Crusaders, was a fortress near Ramle. He adds that "many of the Omayyads were slain there."^[7] Remnants of a crusader fortress remain today.^[5] It remained in Hospitallers hands (except for 1187–1191) until Baybars took it in 1265.^[5] However, during this period the lord of Caesarea appears to have retained overlordship.^[5]

In 1265, after the Mamluks had defeated the Crusaders, Qalansawe was mentioned among the estates which Sultan Baibars granted his followers. It was divided equally between two of his emirs: 'Izz al-Din Aidamur al-Halabi al-Salihi and Shams al-Din Sunqur al-Rumi al-Salihi.^[8]

Ottoman period

In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared located in the Nahiya of Bani Sa'b of the Liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 29 Muslim households. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, goats or beehives, and a press for olives or grapes; a total of 11,342 akçe.^[9] Pierre Jacotin called the village Qalensawi on his map from 1799.^[10]

In 1870 the French explorer Victor Guérin found it to have 500 inhabitants.^[1] He then "examined the remains of a beautiful church, built east and west, and divided into three naves, terminating to the east in three apses. It was formerly constructed of good cut stones, some of which were slightly embossed, as is proved by the portions still standing. The naves were separated one from the other by monolithic columns, only the positions of which can be traced. They were probably crowned by Corinthian capitals, for I found one in a house, of white marble, cut into a mortar by the inhabitants, who told me they brought it from the site of the church. The other capitals and shafts had disappeared. Probably they came from some more ancient building. An elegant door, with pointed arch, is still standing. Under the nave runs a vaulted crypt, now divided into several compartments, which serve as a shelter for as many families. The good walls seem ancient. One of these is near the church; the other below the village. The latter is large, and surmounted by a vaulted arcade in cut stones."^[11]

In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as being of moderate size, and the seat of a Caimacam. In the centre of the village was a Crusader tower and hall, surrounded by the village houses, mostly made of adobe. Wells and a spring to the west supplied water.^[12]

British Mandate of Palestine period

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qualansawe had a population of 871 Muslims,^[13] increasing in the 1931 census to 1069, still all Muslim, in a total of 225 houses.^[14]

By the 1945 statistics, the village had 1540 Muslim inhabitants,^[15] who owned a total of owned 17,249 dunams of land.^[16] 473 dunams were for citrus and bananas, 759 plantations and irrigable land, 15,936 for cereals,^[17] while 47 dunams were built-up (urban) land.^[18]

1948, and after

During the 1948 Palestine war, Jewish forces had decided to "conquer and destroy" or later "expel or subdue" Qalansawe,^[19] but the village was not taken^[20] and was only transferred to Israeli sovereignty in May 1949 as part of the Israel-Jordan armistice agreement.^[21] Political considerations then prevented the expulsion of the villagers.^[22]

By 1962, land ownership had dropped to 6,620 dunams, mostly due to expropriation of land by the Israeli government in 1953–1954.^[23]

In January 2017, the Israeli government demolished 11 buildings being built by 4 families, on the grounds that they were built without permits.^[24] The families were given two days notice, which they said was insufficient for any legal response.^[24] The mayor of Qalansawe, who announced his resignation, said that he had fought unsuccessfully for years for an expansion of the town's building plan, forcing the residents to build on agricultural land.^[25] Thousands of people rallied in support of the village and a one-day strike was called.^[25]^[26]

Demographics

In 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was virtually all Arab Muslims without significant Jewish population. There were 7,700 males and 7,300 females. 53.2% of the residents were 19 years of age or younger, 17.1% were between 20 and 29, 17.9% between 30 and 44, 8.0% from 45 to 59, 1.6% from 60 to 64, and 2.2% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 3.5%.

Due to marriages among relatives, the residents suffer from a high percentage of genetic diseases, especially hearing impairment.^[27]

See also

References

1. ^¹Guerin, 1875, [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n375/mode/1up p. 350]
2. ^The turban tradition in Islam
3. ^Palmer, 1881, p.[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/187/mode/1up 187]
4. ^Petersen, 2001, pp. [https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R 248-249], citing among others Hartmann, 1910, 675, 676
5. ^¹²³⁴Pringle, 1997, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA77 77] - [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA78 78]
6. ^Röhricht, 1904, RRH Ad, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/registaregnihier00rhuoft#page/9/mode/1up 9]-10, No. 121a
7. ^Cited in Le Strange, 1890, p.[https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/476/mode/1up 476]
8. ^Ibn al-Furat, 1971, pp. 8o, 210, 249 (map)
9. ^Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 139
10. ^Karmon, 1960, p. 170 Note that Karmon gives the wrong grid-numbers for Qalansawe
11. ^Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n375/mode/1up 350]-352, [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n379/mode/1up 354] as translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/201/mode/1up 201]
12. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/165/mode/1up 165]
13. ^Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tulkarem, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n30/mode/1up 28]
14. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 56]
15. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 21
16. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970 p. 76
17. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 127
18. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 177
19. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA246 246]
20. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA302 302]
21. ^UN Doc S/1302/Rev.1 of 3 April 1949 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612045743/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/f03d55e48f77ab698525643b00608d34 |date=12 June 2012 }}
22. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA531 531]
23. ^{{cite journal | author = S. Jiryis | title = The land question in Israel | journal = MERIP Reports | volume = No. 37 | year = 1976 | pages = 5–20, 24–26}}
24. ^¹{{cite news | title = Israel Demolishes Buildings in Arab Town, Citing Lack of Permits | url = http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.764274 | author = Jack Khoury | date = Jan 10, 2017 | newspaper = Haaretz}}
25. ^¹{{cite news | title = Thousands Rally in Israeli Arab Town After State Demolishes Homes | url = http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.764896 | author = Jack Khoury | date = Jan 13, 2017 | newspaper = Haaretz}}
26. ^{{cite news | title = Israeli Arabs strike in protest at house demolitions | url = http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/afp/2017/01/israel-arabs-demolitions-strike.html | newspaper = Al-Monitor | author = AFP | author-link = Agence France-Presse | date = January 11, 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/MMM/data/docs/m00084.rtf|title=Close Family Marriages and Polygamy|publisher=Knesset|format=RTF|accessdate=2008-07-26|date=2001-03-19|author=Warzberger, Rachel|language=he}}