| 词条 | Egyptian Expedition (1882) |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Egyptian Expedition |partof=the Second Anglo-Egyptian War | image= The Judge Aug 12 1882 cover Before Alexandria.jpg | image_size = 200 |caption=Front page of "Judge" magazine, 12 August 1882, featuring a cartoon by "JAW" concerning aid rendered by the American navy during the British bombardment of Alexandria. |date=June–July 1882 |place=Alexandria, Egypt |result=American victory |combatant1={{flag|United States|1877}} |combatant2={{flagicon|Egypt|1882}} Egypt |commander1={{flagicon|United States|1877}} James W. Nicholson {{flagicon|United States|1877}} Henry C. Cochrane |commander2={{flagicon|Egypt|1882}} Ahmed Orabi |strength1=Land: 73 marines 57 sailors Sea: 1 corvette 1 sloop-of-war 1 gunboat |strength2=Unknown number of regular and civilian volunteer elements |casualties1=None |casualties2=Unknown |notes= }}{{Campaignbox Anglo-Egyptian War}} The Egyptian Expedition,[1] in mid-1882, was the United States' response to the British and French attack on Alexandria during the Anglo-Egyptian War. To protect American citizens and their property within the city, three United States Navy ships were sent to Egypt with orders to observe the conflict offshore and make a landing if necessary. British and French forces heavily damaged the city so a force of marines and sailors were landed and they assisted in fire fighting and guarding the American consulate from insurgents.[2] Rear Admiral James W. Nicholson, commander of the European Squadron, was directed to lead the expedition in the screw sloop USS Lancaster. Nicholson arrived at Alexandria on June 27, 1882, the gunboat USS Nipsic on July 1 and the corvette USS Quinnebaug on July 12. The British and French fleet, under Admiral Beauchamp Seymour, began anchoring off Alexandria on May 20 but they did not begin their bombardment until July 11. The Americans were informed by the British of their intentions so Rear Admiral Nicholson was able to warn the United States citizens within the city of a pending attack. When the engagement began, the British started shooting at the various forts under the command of Colonel Ahmed Orabi. The Egyptians defended the city well, striking the British ships several times though gradually the fortifications were reduced and silenced over the course of two days. During the bombardment, the Americans opened their ships up to all refugees from the city who needed shelter or medical treatment.[3]By July 14, the attack was over but Alexandria was in a state of anarchy and burning. Remnants of Orabi's rebels, and elements of the civilian population, were attacking foreign residents, including Americans and in response Nicholson decided to send a landing party ashore. Captain Henry C. Cochrane of the Marine Corps, and two lieutenants, were assigned to command a force of seventy marines and fifty-seven sailors with orders to occupy the American consulate, patrol the city, and fight the spreading fires which were ravaging the European section of Alexandria. The landing party was the first contingent of foreign troops to enter the city center after the bombardment, they were later followed by an occupation force 4,000 Britons and the troops of other nations. By July 20, conditions in the city had largely improved so most of the marines and sailors were withdrawn except for a small force from USS Quinnebaug under Lieutenant Frank L. Denny which was removed on July 24, ending the operation.[4] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.military-info.com/Aphoto/Egypt.htm |title=Coast artillery article Photocopy List |publisher=Military-info.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604000601/http://www.military-info.com/aphoto/Egypt.htm |archivedate=2013-06-04 |df= }} {{DANFS}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-n/nipsc2-x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020404192908/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-n/nipsc2-x.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2002-04-04 |title=USN Ships-USS Nipsic (1879-1913) - Relics and Miscellaneous Views |publisher=History.navy.mil |date=2002-03-24 |accessdate=2013-04-27 }} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Ellsworth|first=Harry A.|coauthors=|title=One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800-1934|series=|url=https://archive.org/details/OneHundredEightyLandingsOfUnitedStatesMarines1800-1934|year=1974|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=US Marines History and Museums Division|isbn=}} pg. 75 4. ^Ellsworth, pg. 75 8 : United States Navy in the 19th century|Maritime incidents in 1882|Naval operations and battles|Punitive expeditions of the United States|Egypt–United States relations|Conflicts in 1882|June 1882 events|July 1882 events |
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