“Qingdao”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

| population_total = 9,046,200
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| area_urban_km2 = 1632
|area_urban_footnotes = (2018)^[2]
| population_urban = 5930000
| population_urban_footnotes = (2018)^[2]
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 =auto
| population_note =
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 266000
| area_code = 0532
|iso_code = CN-SD-02
| website = www.qingdao.gov.cn
| footnotes =
| p2 =
| timezone = China Standard
| utc_offset = +8
| blank_name = GDP
| blank_info = ¥ 1103.728 billion
| blank1_name = GDP per capita
| blank1_info = ¥ 119,357(2017)
| blank2_name = License Plate Prefix
| blank2_info = {{lang|zh-cn|鲁B}} & {{lang|zh-cn|鲁U}}
| blank3_name = Coastline
| blank3_info = {{convert|862.64|km|abbr=on}}
(inclusive of offshore islands)
{{convert|730.64|km|abbr=on}}
(exclusive of islands)
| blank4_name = Major Nationalities
| blank4_info = Han: 99.86%
| blank5_name = County-level divisions
| blank5_info = 10
| blank6_name =
| blank6_info =
}}{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=Qingdao_(Chinese_characters).svg
|piccap="Qingdao" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
|picupright=0.45
|t=青島
|s=青岛
|p=Qīngdǎo
|w=Ch'ing¹-tao³
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|AUD|zh-Qingdao.ogg|q|ing|1|.|d|ao|3}}
|j=Cing¹-dou²
|y=Chīng-dóu
|ci={{IPAc-yue|c|ing|1|.|d|ou|2}}
|poj=Chheng-tó
|tl=Tsheng-tó
|l="Blue Island"
|lang1=German
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|order=st
}}{{stack end}}

Qingdao ({{IPAc-cmn|q|ing|1|d|ao|3}}; also spelled Tsingtao; {{zh|s=青岛}}) is a major city in the east of Shandong Province on China's Yellow Sea coast. It is also a major nodal city of One Belt, One Road (OBOR) Initiative that connects the Asia and Europe^[3]. It has the highest GDP of any city in the province. Administered at the sub-provincial level,^[4] Qingdao has jurisdiction over six districts and four county-level cities. {{As of|2014}}, Qingdao had a population of 9,046,200 with an urban population of 6,188,100.^[5] Lying across the Shandong Peninsula and looking out to the Yellow Sea, it borders Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west and Rizhao to the southwest.

Qingdao is a major seaport, naval base, and industrial centre. The world's longest sea bridge, the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao district, straddling the Jiaozhou Bay sea areas.^[6] It is also the site of the Tsingtao Brewery, the second largest brewery in China.^[7]

In 2018, Qingdao ranked 31st in the Global Financial Centres Index published by the Z/Yen Group and China Development Institute, the other Chinese cities on the list being Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Chengdu, Hangzhou and Dalian.^[8] In 2007, Qingdao was named as one of China's top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.^[9] In 2009, Qingdao was named China's most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness.^[10]^[11] In 2018, Qingdao held the Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit.^[12]

Other names

History

Ancient times

Human settlement in the area dates back 6,000 years. The Dongyi nationality, one of the important origins of the Chinese nation, lived here and created the Dawenkou, Longshan and Dongyeshi cultures. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 B.C. – 256 B.C.), the town of Jimo was established, which was then the second largest one in the Shandong region. The area in which Qingdao is located today was named Jiao'ao ({{lang|zh-hans|胶澳}}) when it was administered by the Qing Dynasty on 14 June 1891.

German colonial period and Japanese occupations

In 1891, the Qing Empire decided to make coastal Tsingtao (Jiao'ao) a defense base against naval attack and began to improve its fortifications. Imperial German naval officials observed and reported on this activity during a formal survey of Jiaozhou Bay in May 1897. Subsequently, German troops seized and occupied the fortification.^[13] The unmodernised and ineffective Qing Empire was forced to concede the area to Germany the following year, and the Kiautschou Bay concession, as it became known, existed from 1898 to 1914 (Li 2005, p. 81). With an area of {{convert|552|km2|acre sqmi}}, it was located in the imperial province of Shandong (alternately romanised as Shantung or Shan-tung) on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula in northern China. Jiaozhou was romanised as Kiaochow, Kiauchau or Kiao-Chau in English and Kiautschou in German. Qingdao was its administrative center. "The so-called Marktstrasse (Market street) was nothing more than the old main street of the Chinese village of Tsingtao, and the buildings lining it were the former homes of fishermen and farmers. Having sold their property, they resettled their homes and fields in the villages further east."^[14] Upon gaining control of the area, the Germans outfitted the impoverished fishing village of "Tsingtao" (Qingdao) with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large parts of Asia at that time and later.^[15] The area had the highest school density and the highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Imperial German treasury and Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.^[15] Commercial interests established the Germania Brewery in 1903, which later became the world-famous Tsingtao Brewery.^[16] German cultural and commercial influences extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of diverse commercial enterprises.

Identified by the German authorities as a strategically important port, Qingdao was administered by the Imperial Department of the Navy (Reichsmarineamt) rather than the Imperial Colonial Office (Reichskolonialamt). The growing Imperial German Navy based their Far East Squadron there, allowing the warships to conduct operations throughout the western Pacific. Beginning January 1898, the marines of III. Seebataillon were based at Tsingtao. Construction of the Jiaoji Railway began on September 23, 1899, and was completed in 1904.^[17]

Before the outbreak of World War I (1914-1918), ships of the German naval forces under Admiral Count von Spee were located at central Pacific colonies on routine missions. The fleet then rendezvoused in the Marianas Islands to plan a transit back to Germany rather than be trapped in the Pacific by more powerful and numerous Allied fleets (British and Japanese).^[18]

After a minor British naval attack on the German colony on Shandong in 1914, Japanese Empire troops occupied the city and the surrounding province during the Siege of Tsingtao after Japan's declaration of war on Germany in accordance with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.^[19] China protested Japan's violation of her neutrality but was not able to interfere in the military operations.^[20] The decision of the Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty negotiations not to restore Chinese rule over the previous foreign concessions in Qingdao after the Great War triggered the May Fourth Movement (May 4, 1919) of anti-imperialism, nationalism and cultural identity in China.^[21]

The city came under Chinese rule in December 1922, under control of the Republic of China (R.O.C.) established 1912 after the Chinese Revolution the year before. However, Japan maintained its economic dominance of the railway and the province as a whole.^[22] The city became a direct-controlled municipality of the ROC Government in July 1929.

Japan re-occupied Qingdao in 1938, a year after its expansion of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), (a precursor to World War II, 1939-1945) with its plans of territorial expansion into China's coast. Nationalist (Kuomintang) ROC forces returned after the Japanese surrender in September 1945. On June 2, 1949, shortly before the founding of the communist People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949 the city was taken by Chairman Mao Zedong and his troops.

Qingdao city planning and development

1891–1914

The development of the Tsingtao urban space during the German-occupation (1891–1914) originated from the port. Mass urban construction began in 1898 with the relocation of Chinese dwellers along the coast.^[23] With the completion of such series of projects as wharves, Tsingtao-Jinan Railway Line, Tsingtao Railway Station and locomotive works, a city was starting to take shape.^[24] The area had the highest school density and highest per capita student enrolment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Berlin treasury and Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.^[25] In 1910, the Germans drew up for the second time the city planning of Tsingtao (Warner 2001, p. 33). The former urban area was extended for four times highlighted by the emphasis on the development of commerce and trade. Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), leader of the Chinese Revolution of 1911 and subsequent first president of the Republic of China, visited the Tsingtau area and stated in 1912, "I am impressed. The city is a true model for China's future".^[26]

1914–1922

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the first Japan-occupation period (1914–1922). In 1914, Tsingtao was taken over by Japanese and served as a base for the exploitation of natural resources of Shandong and northern China. With the development of industry and commerce, a "New City District" was established to furnish the Japanese colonists with commercial sections and living quarters, which suggested a striking contrast to the shabby houses in the local Chinese zones(Li 2007, p. 133). In the meantime, a number of schools, hospitals and public buildings were constructed, followed by urban streets and intercity highways as well. The urban spatial layout continued to expand northward along the eastern bay area.

1922–1938

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the ROC-ruled period (1922–1938). This period saw the substantial progress of the urban development of Tsingtao. The government engaged itself in mass construction that gave birth to villa districts at the beach and bank groups in CBD. Plenty of public buildings and facilities for the purpose of entertainment and sports were completed. By the year of 1937, the urban population numbered 385,000(Lu 2001, p. 327). Tsingtao consequently distinguished itself as a prominent holiday resort and summer retreat.

1938–1945

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the second Japan-occupied period (1938–1945). Japan staged a comeback to Tsingtao in 1938 and started to strive for the construction of the Greater Tsingtao in the following June. Accordingly, they worked out the City Planning of the Greater Tsingtao and the City Planning of the Mother Town (Tsingtao City Proper), even though they had not had the opportunity to realise them respectively. The period in question did not witness much urban progress except for the logical construction of No. 6 Wharf, some Japanese residences and a small number of roads and streets(Lu 2001, p. 339).

Post–World War II

After World War II the KMT allowed Qingdao to serve as the headquarters of the Western Pacific Fleet of the US Navy in 1945. On 2 June 1949, the CCP-led Red Army entered Qingdao and the city and province have been under PRC control since that time.

Since the 1984 inauguration of China's open-door policy to foreign trade and investment, western Qingdao developed quickly as a port city. It is now the headquarters of the Chinese navy's northern fleet. An early example of the open-door policy occurred on 5 November 1984, when three United States Naval vessels visited Qingdao. This was the first US port call in more than 37 years to China. {{USS|Rentz|FFG-46|6}}, {{USS|Reeves|DLG-24|6}}, and {{USS|Oldendorf|DD-972|6}} and their crews were officially hosted by the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).

Northern Qingdao, particularly Shibei, Licang, and Chengyang districts, are now major manufacturing centers. The city has recently experienced a strong growth period, with a new central business district created to the east of the older business district. Outside of the center of the city, there is a large industrial zone, which includes chemical processing, rubber and heavy manufacturing, in addition to a growing high-tech area. Numerous local and national service companies, rather than manufacturers, are based in the city's southern district; this, as well as local wind patterns, allows Qingdao to enjoy clean, clear air year round.

Administrative divisions

The sub-provincial city of Qingdao has 7 districts (区 qu) and 3 county-level cities (市 shi):

Geographically, there are four districts (Shinan, Shibei, Licang and Laoshan) constituting a peninsula on the east coast of the Jiaozhou Bay as the core urban area, one (Chengyang) on the north coast and one (Xihai'an) on the west coast of the Yellow Sea.

Geography

Qingdao is located on the south facing coast of the Shandong Peninsula ({{lang-de|Schantung Halbinsel}}). It borders three prefecture-level cities, namely Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west, and Rizhao to the southwest. The city's total jurisdiction area occupies {{convert|10654|km²|0}}, and stretches in latitude from 35° 35' to 37° 09' N and in longitude from 119° 30' to 121° 00' E. The populated sections of the city are relatively flat while mountains spur up within city limits and nearby. The highest elevation in the city is {{convert|1133|m}} above sea level. Of the total area of Qingdao, 15.5% is highland, while the foothill, plain and lowland areas constitute 25.1%, 37.8% and 21.7%. The city has a {{convert|730.64|km}} coastline. Five significant rivers that flow for more than {{convert|50|km|0}} can be found in the region.

Climate

Qingdao has a temperate, four-season, monsoon-influenced^[27] climate that lies in the transition between the humid subtropical (Köppen Cwa) and humid continental (Köppen Dwa) regimes, but favouring the former. Winter is cool to cold and windy, but generally dry, with a January average of {{convert|−0.2|°C|1}}. Summer is generally hot and humid, but very hot days are rare, with an August average of {{convert|25.4|°C|1}}. Due to its proximity to the coast and being on a peninsula, it experiences a one-month delayed spring compared to most inland areas of China,^[27] and the annual diurnal temperature variation is only {{convert|6.3|C-change}}. Conversely, autumn is milder than inland areas in Shandong. The water temperature peaks at about {{convert|25|°C}} in late August, with swimming possible two months on either side. The annual mean temperature is {{convert|13.0|°C|1}}. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−15.5|°C|0}} on 16 January 1958 to {{convert|38.9|°C|0}} on 15 July 2002.^[28]

During the summer months, the beaches of Qingdao are afflicted by massive algal blooms. The decomposing algae release large amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas, which gives off the odour of rotten eggs. The blooms of sea lettuce, which are partially caused by seaweed farming in Jiangsu Province, led local officials to declare a "large-scale algae disaster" in 2013.^[29]

Demographics

By the end of 2006, Qingdao was estimated to be the home of about 8 million inhabitants, of which around 3 million reside in the Qingdao urban area. Another estimated 5 million live in other cities under Qingdao's jurisdiction. The annual birth rate is calculated around 76,507, with a birth rate of 10.15 per year per thousand, and a death rate of 6.32, both calculated on an annual basis. Living standards are among the highest of leading Chinese cities due to the strong export economy and relatively high family wages.

Qingdao is home to 38 Chinese ethnic minorities, which account for 0.14% of the city's total population.

There is a large Korean community in Qingdao. By 2009, there were approximately 100,000 Koreans working, studying and living in Qingdao, which makes Qingdao the second in terms of Korean population in China, following Beijing which has about 200,000 Koreans.^[34]

Economy

An important region in Eastern China, Shandong Province has seen substantial change in its economic landscape in recent years. Much of this development has been concentrated in Qingdao.^[35] Qingdao has seen rapid development. With an annual growth rate of 18.9 percent in 2006, the city's GDP reached 42.3 billion, ranking first in Shandong Province and tenth out of China's top 20 cities.^[35] GDP per capita comprised ¥52,895 (US$7,616) in 2008. The GDP has grown steadily at an average pace of 16% annually. In 2006, Qingdao was ranked one of six "golden cities" by the World Bank, out of 120 Chinese cities assessed on factors including investment climate and government effectiveness.^[35]

Internationally, Qingdao is perhaps best known for its Tsingtao Brewery, founded by a German-British joint venture in 1903 that produces Tsingtao beer, the best-known Chinese export beer. It is also home to Haier, a large white goods manufacturer, and Hisense, a major electronics company. In 2002 guitar manufacturers Epiphone opened a factory in Qingdao.^[36]

In 1984 the Chinese government named a district of Qingdao a Special Economic and Technology Development Zone (SETDZ). Along with this district, the entire city had gone through amazing development of secondary and tertiary industries. As an important trading port in the province, Qingdao flourishes with foreign investment and international trade. South Korea and Japan in particular made extensive investment in the city. Approximately 80,000 South Korean citizens reside there. Construction proceeds at a relatively {{weasal-inline}} fast pace in Qingdao.

In terms of primary industry, Qingdao has an estimated {{convert|50000|acre|km2}} of arable land. Qingdao has a zigzagging pattern coastline, and thus possesses an invaluable stock of fish, shrimp, and other sea resources.

Qingdao is also home to a variety of mineral resources. Up to thirty different kinds have been mined. {{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Qingdao's wind power electricity generation performs at among the highest levels in the region.^[37]

Industrial zones

Transport

Road

There are a total of {{convert|1145|km|abbr=on}} of roads in the Qingdao area, with nearly {{convert|500|km|abbr=on}} of expressways. These National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) Expressways begin or pass through in Qingdao.^[38] Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in Bold:

These provincial expressways begin in or pass through Qingdao. Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in Bold:

Other than Expressways, there are also National Highways that pass through or begin in Qingdao. National Highways that begin in Qingdao are in bold:

On June 30, 2011, the longest bridge over water opened in Qingdao. The bridge, Haiwan Bridge, is {{convert|26.4|mi|1|abbr=out}} long and connects Qingdao to an offshore island, Huangdao. It would easily cross the English Channel and is almost three miles ({{convert|3|mi|abbr=out|disp=output only}}) longer than the previous record-holder, the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in the American state of Louisiana. Haiwan Bridge is supported by more than 5,000 pillars and costs about 10 billion yuan which is about 1.5 billion dollars. The bridge was designed by the Shandong Gausu Group and the construction lasted for four years. Haiwan Bridge cut the commute between the city of Qingdao and the sprawling suburb of Huangdao by 30 minutes. At least 10,000 workers toiled in two teams around the clock to build the bridge, which was constructed from opposite ends.^[39] On the same day, the Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel opened.The tunnel brought much convenience to people by supporting public buses and making transport between the two areas more convenient.

Marine

Qingdao (official name: Qingdao port international co. ltd.) hosts one of the world's busiest seaports. Cooperative relations have been established with 450 ports in 130 countries worldwide. In 2003, the annual cargo handling capacity exceeded 100 million tons for the first time. The number of containers reached {{TEU|3.41 million|first=yes}} of cargoes.^[40] By 2011, the port had become the world’s sixth-busiest by Total Cargo Volume, having handled 372 million tonnes of cargo in that year. As of 2016, it was the 8th in the world in terms of TEUs (Twenty Foot Equivalent Units).^[41]

The Orient Ferry connects Qingdao with Shimonoseki, Japan. There are two ferry lines connecting Qingdao with South Korea. The New Golden Bridge II operates between Qingdao and Incheon, and the Blue Sea Ferry operates between Qingdao and Gunsan.^[42]

Qingdao port also includes a number of large adjacent ports including Dongjiakou.^[43]

Aviation

The Qingdao Liuting International Airport, {{convert|23|km|0|abbr=on}} away from city centre, is served by 13 domestic and international airlines, operating 94 routes, 12 of which are international and regional. In 2011, Qingdao Liuting International Airport was the 16th busiest airport in the People's Republic of China with 11,716,361 passengers. A new civil aviation airport with much larger capacities will be built in Jiaozhou District.^[44]

Intercity rail

Qingdao's railway development was picked up during the late 1990s. It is at the beginning of the Jiaoji Railway. Qingdao's city proper has some major railway stations, Qingdao Station, Sifang Station,^[45] Cangkou Station, Great-Seaport Station, etc.

D and G series High speed trains travel on the Jiaoji High Speed Railway and reach speeds of {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on}} on the Jinan-Qingdao Section.^[46] Services go to Beijing, Shanghai, Hefei, Jinan and Tianjin.^[47]

Domestic rail lines connect Qingdao with many cities in China including Beijing, Lanzhou, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Jinan and Jining.

Public transport

Qingdao's public traffic owns 5283 large and medium-sized buses, CNG buses {{As of|2012|lc=y}}.There are also 136 trolleybuses {{As of|2012|lc=y}}. All of the buses and trolleybuses can be accessed using the Qingdao Public Traffic IC Card ({{lang|zh-hans|{{linktext|青岛|卡}}}}), which uses radio frequencies so the card does not have to physically touch the scanner. Non air-conditioned busses cost 1 yuan, The volume of road passenger transport approaches 0.8 billion per year. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} The Public Transport Brand of 'Ri-Xin Bus ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|日|新|巴|士}}}})' is also known in China.

There are a number of taxi companies in Qingdao including Yiqing Company, Zhongqing Company, Jiaoyun Company and, Huaqing Company.

Subway

After getting the approval from the State Council, the government announced on 18 August 2009 that Qingdao is ready to spend more than 29 billion yuan ($4.2 billion) before 2016 on its subway construction. Construction of {{convert|54.7|km|abbr=on}} of subway line will be completed before 2016 with a total investment of 29.2 billion yuan ($4.3 billion). Metro Line 3 is the first line in function and opened on 16 December 2015. In the long term, the city plans to build eight subway lines in downtown and some suburban districts, which account for {{convert|231.5|km|1|abbr=on}} in future.^[48] As of end of 2018, the system has an operating length of {{convert|170|km|abbr=on}}, lines in operation including Line 2, Line 3, Line 11, and Line 13.

Military

Qingdao is headquarters of the North Sea Fleet of the People's Liberation Army Navy.

Culture

Architecture

There is a large number of German-style buildings in Qingdao city centre, remarkable considering the German colonial period only lasted 16 years (1898–1914). The unique combination of German and Chinese architecture in the city centre, combined with German demographic roots and a large Korean expatriate population, gives Qingdao a distinct atmosphere. An old saying described Qingdao as a city of "red tiles green trees, blue sky and blue sea." This saying indeed gives a picture of birdview of Qingdao. A larger number of areas in former foreign styles are well preserved. Although the new city area is under large-scale reconstruction, the old city area (especially the western part of Shinan District) still retains many traditional buildings.

Notable people

Movies shot in Qingdao

Language

During the city's colonial days, German was the official language and rigorously taught and promoted. Since the demise of Germany's colonial empire during World War I, the German language is virtually dead here and left little impact on the local languages. A local accent known as Qingdao dialect (青岛话, pinyin qingdao hua) distinguishes the residents of the city from those of the surrounding Shandong province. Due to the efforts by the city government to promote standard Mandarin, most educated people can speak standard Mandarin in addition to their native dialect. With reform policies and English teaching, some young citizens have been taught English and many can converse with English-speaking foreigners. Business and traffic signs in English are becoming more and more common.

Cuisine

Seafood is a typical delicacy of the coastal city, divided into two categories: "Great Seafood" including sea cucumbers, abalones, shark's fin, prawns, crabs, conch, and some big fish, and "Little Seafood" comprising squid, shrimps, octopus, oysters, razor clams, clams, periwinkles, yellow croakers, etc.

Festivals

Media

Qingdao previously had a large German community and a German garrison, so three German newspapers operated in Qingdao.^[49] German papers included Deutsch-Asiatische Warte (T: 泰東古今鑑, S: 泰东古今鉴, P: Tàidōng Gǔjīn Jiàn;^[50] weekly newspaper published until 1906, included Die Welt des Ostens, Altes und Neues aus Asiens drei Kaiserreichen, a cultural supplement),^[49] the Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten and the Kiautschou Post (a daily paper published from 1908 to 1912, referring to the Kiautschou (Jiaozhou) Bay concession). German publishing in Qingdao ended after World War I and the beginning of the Japanese administration.^[50]

A 1912 publication of the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce said that the Tageblatt für Nordchina of Tianjin was read in Qingdao, and that major newspapers from Shanghai were also read in Qingdao.^[51]

Tourism

Qingdao attracts many tourists due to its seaside setting and temperate weather. Parks, beaches, sculptures and unique German and modern architecture line the shore. The central tourist information, the Qingdao Information Centre for International Visitors, is located on Middle Hong Kong Road (香港中路).

Western Shinan district

Eastern Shinan district

Laoshan district ({{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|崂山区}}}})

Other districts of Qingdao

Education

Post-secondary educational institutions

Qingdao is home to a large number of higher education institutions. Ocean University of China, formerly called Ocean University of Qingdao, is the most important university of maritime sciences in China. In addition, the Qingdao University, the Qingdao University of Science and Technology as well as the Qingdao Technological University have also been integral parts of higher education in Qingdao for decades. Other institutions include:

Shandong University was located in Qingdao from 1909 to 1936. A new branch campus of the university is under construction in Aoshanwei Town, Jimo.

International schools

Secondary schools

Sports

Qingdao has long been a hub of professional sports in The People's Republic of China.

Stadiums

2008 Olympic Summer Games

Along with Beijing's hosting of the 2008 Summer Olympics, Qingdao was the host city for the Olympic Sailing competitions which took place along the shoreline by the city. These events were hosted at the Qingdao International Sailing Centre and held in Fushan Bay, near the city's central business district. A hotel and an international broadcasting centre were built.

Football

Qingdao is recognized as one of the "football cities" in China, due to dozens of preeminent players it trained like Qu Bo, Zheng Long, Yu Dabao, Liu Jian and Jiang Ning .However, due to lack of money of the sponsors of football clubs in Qingdao, its football potential has reduced.

Qingdao Jonoon F.C. (previously named Qingdao Hainiu Football Club) was founded in 1993. It is one of the founding members of the second-division of Chinese professional football league. They got the championship in their first season in 1994 and were promoted to the Chinese Jia-A League. In 1995, they finished 11th (out of a total 12 teams) and were relegated from the top league. Only one year later, after finishing as runner-up in the second-division, they returned to the top league. They have been part of Chinese Super League from its inauguration in 2004.In 2013, they were relegated to the China League One and in 2016 relegated to the China League Two.

Qingdao Huanghai F.C. was established on 29 January 2013. In their first season in the Chinese Football Association Division Two League, they finished the first in league and got to the China League One. Up to June 13, 2016, they had been on the first and had a great chance to get into the Super League after the season. Fans in China called them "Chinese Barcelona".

Basketball

Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles is a Chinese professional basketball team which plays in the North Division of the Chinese Basketball Association.

Badminton

Qingdao Renzhou Badminton Club is a Chinese badminton club which plays in the China Badminton Super League.

Arena Football

Qingdao Clipper is a professional arena football team which is a member of the China Arena Football League(CAFL).

Motorsport

The IndyCar Series signed a contract with the Qingdao city council to hold an IndyCar race in Qingdao in 2012. The race was supposed to take place on a {{convert|3.87|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} street circuit^[53] but it was cancelled.^[54]

Surfing

Qingdao is one of the few cities in northern China where surfing is possible. The best surfing season is during the typhoon season (June–October). The south oriented beaches of Qingdao are the most appropriate to receive swells. Shinan and Laoshan districts are reported to have the best wave and wind orientation.

See also

References

Notes

1. ^
2. ^¹{{Cite book|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition|last=Cox|first=Wendell|publisher=Demographia|year=2018|isbn=|location=St. Louis|page=22}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.qingdaochina.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=7&id=91|title=2017中国青岛青岛概况 - 中文 - 青岛之窗 - 让青岛走向世界，让世界了解青岛|website=www.qingdaochina.org|access-date=2019-03-04}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |publisher=豆丁网 |date=1995-02-19 |accessdate=2014-05-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archivedate=29 May 2014 }}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tjsql.com/data.aspx?d=161028 |script-title=zh:3-4各市人口数和总户数(2014年)-tjsql.com|website=www.tjsql.com|access-date=2016-03-06}}
6. ^A bridge too far? China unveils world's longest sea bridge which is five miles FURTHER than the Dover-Calais crossing | Mail Online. Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-08-28.
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/China%20Beer%20Market_Beijing%20ATO_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_7-23-2010.pdf |title=China Beer |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2013-06-13}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://mondovisione.com/_assets/files/GFCI_24_final_Report.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 24|date=September 2018|access-date=31 December 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|last2=|first2=|last1=|first1=|title=China’s Top 10 Most Livable Cities|url=http://eng.hnloudi.gov.cn/engld%5Caboutloudi/Loudicity/Loudihonor/2011/1_327/default.shtml|website=hnloudi.gov.cn|publisher=Hunan Loudi Official Government|date=2012-03-28|accessdate=2014-06-18|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130410050946/http://eng.hnloudi.gov.cn/engld%5Caboutloudi/Loudicity/Loudihonor/2011/1_327/default.shtml|archivedate=10 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}
10. ^{{cite news| url= http://english.cri.cn/6566/2009/07/09/2263s500163.htm| title= List of 10 Most Livable Cities in China Issued| date= 2009-07-09| accessdate= 2010-12-18}}
11. ^{{cite web|author=Lin Liyao ({{lang|zh-hans|蔺丽瑶}}) |url=http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2011-07/27/content_23081561.htm |title=Top 10 livable cities in China 2011 |publisher=China.org.cn |date=2011-07-27 |accessdate=2012-09-10}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/04/c_137229516.htm |title=China Focus: What to expect from SCO summit in Qingdao |publisher= Xinhua|date= |accessdate=2018-06-29}}
13. ^{{cite book |title=By Order of the Kaiser, Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902 |last=Gottschall |first=Terrell |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis |isbn=978-1-55750-309-1 |page=146 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tsingtau.org/landmann-gottfried-1860-1926-uhrmacher-optiker-bierbrauer/ |title=Landmann Gottfried 1860–1926 Uhrmacher, Optiker, Bierbrauer |language=German |trans-title=Gottfried Landmann, 1860–1926: Watchmaker, Optician, Beer Brewer |last1=Matzat |first1=Wilhelm |last2= |first2= |date= May 2003 |work=tsingtau.org |publisher=Wilhelm Matzat |accessdate=2010-06-09}}
15. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Schultz-Naumann |first1=Joachim |authorlink1= |title=Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute |trans-title=Under the Kaiser's Flag: Germany's protected areas in the Pacific and in China then and now |url= |accessdate= |type= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=1985 |month= |origyear= |publisher=Universitas |location= |language=German |isbn=978-3-8004-1094-1 |page=183}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tsingtau.org/germania-brauerei-und-ihre-angestellten-1903-1914 |title=Germania Brauerei und ihre Angestellten 1903–1914 |language=German |trans-title=Germania Brewery and its Employees |last1=Matzat |first1=Wilhelm |last2= |first2= |date= May 2003 |work=tsingtau.org |publisher=Wilhelm Matzat |accessdate=June 9, 2010}}
17. ^{{cite web|last1=斯|first1=李 |script-title=zh:1904年06月01日胶济铁路通车|url=http://www.todayonhistory.com/6/1/jiaojitielutongche.html|website=www.todayonhistory.com|accessdate=1 September 2014}}
18. ^see German East Asia Squadron, Battle of Coronel and Battle of the Falkland Islands for fleet engagements
19. ^{{cite web|last1=Duffy|first1=Michael|title=Primary Documents – Count Okuma on the Japanese Capture of Tsingtao, 15 August 1914|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/tsingtau_okuma.htm|website=firstworldwar.com|accessdate=28 July 2014|date=22 August 2009}}
20. ^{{cite news |title=Germans lose possessions in China |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/225/mode/1up |newspaper=The Independent |date=Nov 16, 1914 |accessdate=July 24, 2012}}
21. ^A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938) pp 239–68
22. ^Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938) pp 326–28
23. ^{{cite news |title=What is Kiaochou worth? |author=Toyokichi Iyenaga |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/128/mode/1up |newspaper=The Independent |date=Oct 26, 1914 |accessdate=July 24, 2012}}
24. ^Schultz-Naumann, p. 182
25. ^{{cite book |last1=Schultz-Naumann |first1=Joachim |title=Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute |year=1985 |publisher=Universitas |language=German |isbn=978-3-8004-1094-1 |page=183}}
26. ^Schultz-Naumann, p. 184
27. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.qdsn.gov.cn/n16/n1114/n1145/n1160/index.html |script-title=zh:自然地理 |publisher=Shinan District Information Office |location=Qingdao | language = zh-hans |trans-title=Geography}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag%3DdataLogger |title=Archived copy |accessdate=18 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archivedate=18 March 2013 }}
29. ^{{cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Andrew|title=Huge Algae Bloom Afflicts Coastal Chinese City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/world/asia/huge-algae-bloom-afflicts-qingdao-china.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 5, 2013}}
30. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html|script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data|publisher=China Meteorological Administration|accessdate=2018-11-09}}
31. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101120201.shtml?| script-title=zh:青岛城市介绍| publisher = Weather.com.cn| language = zh-hans| accessdate = 2011-06-01|date=June 2011}}
32. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/china/qingdao_e.htm |title= Climatological Normals of Qingdao |accessdate=2010-04-10 |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory}}
33. ^Annette S. Biener: Das deutsche Pachtgebiet Tsingtau in der Provinz Schantung, 1897–1914. Institutioneller Wandel durch Kolonialisierung (Studien und Quellen zur Geschichte Schantungs und Tsingtaus. Bd. 6). Matzat, Bonn 2001, {{ISBN|3-924603-05-7}}.
34. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/news/2009/10-08/1899449.shtml |script-title=zh:韩国旅客位居北京入境外国人之首 | date= 2009-10-08 | accessdate= 2009-12-01 }}
35. ^¹²{{Citation |year =2007 |title =Qingdao Shinan District Investment Environment Study 2007 |periodical =Report |publisher =KPMG Huazhen |url =http://www.kpmg.com.cn/redirect.asp?id=8584 |accessdate =2010-06-10 |ref = }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
36. ^{{cite web|title=Gibson Qingdao Factory – All Epiphone... All The Time!|url=http://www.epiphone.com/News/Features/News/2007/Gibson-Qingdao-Factory-All-Epiphone-All-The-Time.aspx|publisher=Epiphone.com|accessdate=24 February 2012}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/high-wind-in-china|title=High Wind in China|last=Gardiner|first=Ginger|website=www.compositesworld.com|access-date=2017-05-27}}
38. ^{{cite web|script-title=zh:中国公路信息服务网－公路地图|url=http://glcx.moc.gov.cn/roadMap.jsp|publisher=中国公路信息服务网|accessdate=12 January 2013| language = zh-hans|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116200024/http://glcx.moc.gov.cn/roadMap.jsp|archivedate=16 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}
39. ^{{cite news|last=Eimer|first=David|title=China builds world's longest bridge|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8248197/China-builds-worlds-longest-bridge.html|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=2013-03-23|location=London|date=8 January 2011}}
40. ^Qingdao port sees upsurge in cargo handling capacity. People's Daily. Retrieved on 2012-11-12.
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900#Statistics|title=Ports & World Trade|website=www.aapa-ports.org}}
42. ^Ferries Korea-China. Seat61.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-12.
43. ^{{cite web|title=About Dongjiakou port|url=http://www.qingdao-port.com/en/gywm_1_2.jsp|website=http://www.qingdao-port.com/|publisher=Qingdao Port International Co. Ltd.|accessdate=31 October 2017}}
44. ^{{cite news|title=New Qingdao Airport Location Confirmed|url=http://www.wcarn.com/cache/news/29/29274.html|newspaper=World Civil Aviation Net|date=September 29, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211011/http://www.wcarn.com/cache/news/29/29274.html|archivedate=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
45. ^Until August 2008, travelers not from Qingdao are often confused as railway tickets to Qingdao are listed as destined for "Sifang". These trains are headed to Qingdao's Sifang district. The destination's name will revert to "Qingdao" once renovations to the larger Qingdao Railway Station is complete.
46. ^{{cite news|script-title=zh:济青高铁建设近年无望济青1小时生活圈得等等|newspaper=齐鲁晚报|date=2012-10-17|author=杨传忠| language = zh-hans|quote={{lang|zh-hans|济南铁路局胶济客专公司一位负责人说,胶济客专的客运正线长362.5公里,设计速度最高250公里/小时,现在行车时速为200公里.}}}}
47. ^{{cite web |script-title=zh:列车时刻 |url=http://www.qdhcz.net/listmain.asp?dip=menu01 |publisher=Qingdao railway station |accessdate=12 January 2013 | language = zh-hans |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108071141/http://www.qdhcz.net/listmain.asp?dip=menu01 |archivedate=8 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
48. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-08/19/content_8588389.htm| title=$4.3 billion budget to boost Qingdao subway construction| date=2008-08-19| accessdate=}}
49. ^¹Walravens, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA90&dq=%22Its+contents+covered+politics+and+economy+but+there+were%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYSQUN7PKIji8gSkhYGQAQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Its%20contents%20covered%20politics%20and%20economy%20but%20there%20were%22&f=false 90].
50. ^¹Walravens, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA91&dq=%22Hankou+also+had+a+German+paper%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9rCQUKP8EpHa8wTm-YCYBA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Hankou%20also%20had%20a%20German%20paper%22&f=false 91].
51. ^United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nsANAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA188&dq=%22Tsingtauer+Neueste+Nachrichten%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=i16UUMScH4uC8ASKooGQDQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Tsingtauer%20Neueste%20Nachrichten%22&f=false p. 188]. "Tageblatt für Nord China, a German paper published in Tientsin, and the leading papers published in Shanghai are also largely read in Tsingtau."
52. ^http://www.brcic.cn/
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar-series-confirms-china-race|title=INDYCAR: Series Confirms China Race|last=IndyCar|date=10 November 2011|work=SPEED Channel|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=2011-11-11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113000145/http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar-series-confirms-china-race/|archivedate=13 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}
54. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/indycar-scheduled-august-race-in-china-has-been-canceled/2012/06/13/gJQAE8bZaV_story.html|title=IndyCar scheduled August race in China has been canceled|publisher=Washington Posts|accessdate=2012-06-16}}{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}