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词条 Qoph
释义

  1. Origins

  2. Arabic qāf

     Pronunciation   Maghrebi variant  

  3. Hebrew Qof

     Pronunciation  Gematria 

  4. Unicode

  5. References

  6. External links

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Qoph or Qop (Phoenician Qōp ) is the nineteenth letter of the Semitic abjads. Aramaic Qop is derived from the Phoenician letter, and derivations from Aramaic include Hebrew Qof {{script|Hebr|ק}}, Syriac Qōp̄ ܩ and Arabic {{transl|ar|DIN|Qāf}} {{lang|ar|ق}}.

Its original sound value was a West Semitic emphatic stop, presumably {{IPAblink|kˤ}} or {{IPAblink|q}}. In Hebrew gematria, it has the numerical value of 100.

Origins

The origin of the glyph shape of qōp () is uncertain. It is usually suggested to have originally depicted either a sewing needle, specifically the eye of a needle (Hebrew {{lang|he|קוף}} and Aramaic {{lang|arc|קופא}} both refer to the eye of a needle), or the back of a head and neck (qāf in Arabic meant "nape").[1]

According to an older suggestion, it may also have been a picture of a monkey and its tail (the Hebrew {{lang|he|קוף}} means "monkey").[2]

Besides Aramaic Qop, which gave rise to the letter in the Semitic abjads used in classical antiquity,

Phoenician qōp is also the origin of the Latin letter Q and Greek Ϙ (qoppa) and Φ (phi).[3]

Arabic qāf

The Arabic letter {{lang|ar|ق}} is named {{lang|ar|قاف}} {{transl|ar|DIN|qāf}}. It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word:

{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ق}}

It is usually transliterated into Latin script as q, though some scholarly works use ḳ.[4]

Pronunciation

According to Sibawayh, author of the first book on Arabic grammar, the letter is pronounced as a voiced phoneme.[5] As noted above, Modern Standard Arabic has the voiceless uvular plosive {{IPAslink|q}} as its standard pronunciation of the letter, but dialectical pronunciations vary as follows:

The three main pronunciations:

  • {{IPAblink|q}}: in most of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, Southern and Western Yemen and parts of Oman, Northern Iraq, parts of the Levant (especially the Alawite and Druze dialects). In fact, it is so characteristic of the Alawites and the Druze that Levantines invented a verb "yqaqi" /jqæqi/ that means "speaking with a /q/". However, most other dialects of Arabic will use this pronunciation in learned words that are borrowed from Standard Arabic into the respective dialect or when Arabs speak Modern Standard Arabic.
  • {{IPAblink|ɡ}}: in most of the Arabian Peninsula, Northern and Eastern Yemen and parts of Oman, Southern Iraq, some parts of the Levant (within Jordan), Upper Egypt (Ṣaʿīd), Sudan, Libya, Mauritania and to lesser extent in some parts of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco but it is also used partially across those countries in some words.[6] Speakers of these dialects of Arabic also use this pronunciation in learned words borrowed from Standard Arabic into the respective dialect or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic for easier speech.
  • {{IPAblink|ʔ}}: in most of the Levant and Egypt, as well as some North African towns such as Tlemcen and Fez.

Other pronunciations:

  • {{IPAblink|ɢ}}: In Sudanese and some forms of Yemeni, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.
  • {{IPAblink|k}}: In rural Palestinian it is often pronounced as a voiceless velar plosive {{IPAblink|k}}, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.

Marginal Pronunciations:

  • {{IPAblink|d͡z }}: In some positions in Najdi, though this pronunciation is fading in favor of {{IPAblink|ɡ}}.[7]{{sfnp|Lewis jr.|2013|p=5}}
  • {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}: Optionally in Iraqi and in Gulf Arabic, it is sometimes pronounced as a voiced postalveolar affricate {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.
  • {{IPAblink|ɣ}} ~ {{IPAblink|ʁ}}: in Sudanese and some Yemeni dialects (Yafi'i), and sometimes in Gulf Arabic by Persian influence, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.

Maghrebi variant

The Maghrebi style of writing {{transl|ar|DIN|qāf}} is different: having only a single point (dot) above; when the letter is isolated or word-final, it may sometimes become unpointed.[8]

{{transl>ar|DIN|qāf}}
Position in word:IsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Form of letter:{{Script/Arabic|ڧ}}
{{Script/Arabic|ٯ}}		{{Script/Arabic|ـڧ}}
{{Script/Arabic|ـٯ}}		{{Script/Arabic|ـڧـ}}{{Script/Arabic|ڧـ}}

The earliest Arabic manuscripts show {{transl|ar|DIN|qāf}} in several variants: pointed (above or below) or unpointed.[9] Then the prevalent convention was having a point above for {{transl|ar|DIN|qāf}} and a point below for {{transl|ar|fāʼ}}; this practice is now only preserved in manuscripts from the Maghribi,[10] with the exception of Libya and Algeria, where the Mashriqi form (two dots above: {{lang|ar|ق}}) prevails.

Within Maghribi texts, there is no possibility of confusing it with the letter {{transl|ar|fāʼ}}, as it is instead written with a dot underneath ({{script/Arabic|ڢ}}) in the Maghribi script.[11]

{{clear}}

Hebrew Qof

The Oxford Hebrew-English Dictionary transliterates the letter Qoph ({{Hebrew|קוֹף}}) a transliteration as {{transl|he|q}} or {{transl|he|k}}; and, when word-final, it may be transliterated as {{transl|he|ck}}.

The English spellings of Biblical names (as derived from Latin via Biblical Greek) containing this letter may represent it as c or k, e.g. Cain for Hebrew Qayin, or Kenan for Qenan (Genesis 4:1, 5:9).

Orthographic variants
Various print fontsCursive
Hebrew		Rashi
script
Serif Sans-serif Monospaced
קקק

Pronunciation

In modern Israeli Hebrew the letter is also called {{transl|he|kuf}}. The letter represents {{IPA|/k/}}; i.e., no distinction is made between Qof and Kaph.

However, many historical groups have made that distinction, with Qof being pronounced {{IPAblink|q}} by Iraqi Jews and other Mizrahim, or even as {{IPAblink|ɡ}} by Yemenite Jews under the influence of Yemeni Arabic.

Gematria

Qof in gematria represents the number 100.

Sarah is described in Genesis Rabba as {{Hebrew|בת ק' כבת כ' שנה לחטא}}, literally "At Qof years of age, she was like Kaph years of age in sin", meaning that when she was 100 years old, she was as sinless as when she was 20.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Unicode

{{charmap
|05E7|name1=Hebrew Letter Qof
|0642|name2=Arabic Letter Qaf
|0729|name3=Syriac Letter Qaph
|0812|name4=Samaritan Letter Quf
}}{{charmap
|10396|name1=Ugaritic Letter Qopa
|10852|name2=Imperial Aramaic Letter Qoph
|10912|name3=Phoenician Letter Qof
}}

References

1. ^Travers Wood, Henry Craven Ord Lanchester, A Hebrew Grammar, 1913, p. 7.A. B. Davidson, Hebrew Primer and Grammar, 2000, [https://books.google.ch/books?id=L3e0nqF9_1MC&pg=RA1-PA4 p. 4].The meaning is doubtful. "Eye of a needle" has been suggested, and also "knot" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol. 45.
2. ^Isaac Taylor, History of the Alphabet: Semitic Alphabets, Part 1, 2003: "The old explanation, which has again been revived by Halévy, is that it denotes an 'ape,' the character Q being taken to represent an ape with its tail hanging down. It may also be referred to a Talmudic root which would signify an 'aperture' of some kind, as the 'eye of a needle,' ... Lenormant adopts the more usual explanation that the word means a 'knot'.
3. ^Qop may have been assigned the sound value /kʷʰ/ in early Greek; as this was allophonic with /pʰ/ in certain contexts and certain dialects, the letter qoppa continued as the letter phi. C. Brixhe, "History of the Alpbabet", in Christidēs, Arapopoulou, & Chritē, eds., 2007, A History of Ancient Greek.
4. ^e.g., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5. ^Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, pg. 131. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Paperback edition. {{ISBN|9780748614363}}
6. ^This variance has led to the confusion over the spelling of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi's name in Latin letters. In Western Arabic dialects the sound {{IPAblink|q}} is more preserved but can also be sometimes pronounced {{IPAblink|ɡ}} or as a simple {{IPAblink|k}} under Berber and French influence.
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1W7sEB_Kg8C|title=Najdi Arabic: Central Arabian|author=Bruce Ingham|date=1 January 1994|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=90-272-3801-4|page=14}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=van den Boogert|first1=N.|title=Some notes on Maghrebi script|journal=Manuscript of the Middle East|date=1989|volume=4|url=http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF}} p. 38 shows {{transl|ar|DIN|qāf}} with a superscript point in all four positions.
9. ^{{cite book|last=Gacek|first=Adam|title=The Arabic Manuscript Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfZYCcOL8dYC&pg=PA61|year=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-16540-1|page=61}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=Gacek|first=Adam|title=Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeaHnLb6RdUC&pg=PA145|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-17036-7|page=145}}
11. ^Muhammad Ghoniem, M S M Saifullah, cAbd ar-Rahmân Robert Squires & cAbdus Samad, Are There Scribal Errors In The Qur'ân?, see {{transl|ar|DIN|qif}} on a traffic sign written {{script/Arabic|ڧڢ}} which is written elsewhere as {{lang|ar|قف}}, Retrieved 2011-August-27

External links

{{commons category|ק}}{{Arabic language}}{{Hebrew language}}{{Northwest Semitic abjad}}

3 : Arabic letters|Hebrew alphabet|Phoenician alphabet
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