| 词条 | Elcor, Minnesota |
| 释义 |
| official_name = Elcor, Minnesota | settlement_type = Ghost town | nickname = | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Minnesota#USA| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Minnesota | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = St. Louis | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | established_title = | established_date = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | timezone = Central (CST) | utc_offset = -6 | timezone_DST = CDT | utc_offset_DST = -5 | elevation_footnotes = [1] | elevation_ft = 1542 | coordinates = {{coord|47|30|19|N|92|26|28|W|region:US-MN|display=inline,title}} | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = 218 | blank_name = GNIS feature ID | blank_info = 661197[1] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = }}Elcor is a ghost town, or more properly, an extinct town, in the U.S. state of Minnesota that was inhabited between 1897 and 1956. It was built on the Mesabi Iron Range near the city of Gilbert in St. Louis County. Elcor was its own unincorporated community before it was abandoned and was never a neighborhood proper of the city of Gilbert.[1] Not rating a figure in the national census, the people of Elcor were only generally considered to be citizens of Gilbert.[2] The area where Elcor was located was annexed by Gilbert when its existing city boundaries were expanded after 1969.[3] In November 1890, the seven Merritt brothers discovered ore near Mountain Iron, triggering an unparalleled iron rush to the Mesabi Range.{{sfn|Havinghurst|1958|pp=75–76}} The Elba mine was opened in 1897, and the town was platted under the direction of Don H. Bacon, president of the Minnesota Iron Company. A second nearby mine, the Corsica, was opened in 1901. The community was first called "Elba" after the name of the first underground mine (the name "Elcor" was formed later by combining the first syllables of each mine's name). The Elba and Corsica mines were both leased by Pickands Mather and Company after the formation of the United States Steel Corporation.[6]{{sfn|Van Brunt|1921|p=469}}[4] An influx of people of many ethnicities and many nations followed, and Elcor became a microcosm of U.S. immigration, mirroring the cultural assimilation of the time.[5] At its peak around 1920, Elcor had two churches, a post office, a general store, a primary school, a railroad station, and its own law enforcement, and housed a population of nearly 1,000.[9] Elcor was a mining location, built by the mining company to house the workers for its mines.[9] People were allowed to own their homes, but the land on which the houses stood belonged to the mining company.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}}{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=4}} After the Corsica mine closed in 1954, Pickands Mather and Company ordered the residents to vacate the property so that it could reclaim the land; by 1956, Elcor was completely abandoned.[1][12]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=107}} The desolate property changed hands often through acquisitions, mergers, and bankruptcies. In 1993, the Inland Steel Company began stockpiling the overburden from what is now the Minorca Mine over Elcor's former location.[1][6] HistoryEstablishmentElcor came into existence with the opening of the Elba mine in 1897 and ended with the closing of the Corsica mine in 1954.[7][8]{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=3}} The town was originally known as Elba, between the present-day cities of McKinley and Gilbert; the name "Elcor" was chosen later, by combining the first syllable of the name of each mine.[9]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=100}} As an Iron Range mining location, Elcor originally consisted of a grid of houses the mining company rented to its employees.[10] It was one of nearly 50 mining locations between the present-day cities of Eveleth and Aurora.[11] Some of these, like Sparta[12] and Pineville,[8] exist today; others, such as Franklin[13] and Genoa, have been annexed by adjacent communities; most have disappeared entirely.{{sfn|Van Brunt|1921|pp=455–456}}[14] Development of the Elba mine was carried out by the Minnesota Iron Company, and the first shipment of ore was made in 1898.[9]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=100}}[15] The Minnesota Iron Company also had a controlling interest in Petit and Robinson, which owned the Corsica mine, where the first ore was shipped in 1901.[1][9][15] Don H. Bacon, who joined the Minnesota Iron Company as general manager in 1887 and eventually became its president, was an ardent traveler who named many mines after Mediterranean islands, including Malta, Maiorica, Corsica, and Elba. He had a penchant for names beginning with the letter M. The Minnesota Steamship Company was organized by, and vertically integrated with, the Minnesota Iron Company to carry ore in 1889; its steamers and barges all had names that began with M, and the ships were referred to as the M fleet. Elba's street and avenue names also all began with M:{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=3}}{{sfn|Havinghurst|1958|pp=44, 47}} Mohawk StreetMalta Street Manola Street Mariposa Avenue Mauna Loa Avenue Maritana Avenue Minorca Avenue The first street in Elba was Manilla Street. Company houses were constructed on both sides of it.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=101}} The Elba group of mines was between 1 and 1.5 miles west of McKinley, and was usually classed with the McKinley district mines, which included the Elba and Corsica mines, and the La Belle mine, operated by the Pitt Iron Mining Company.{{sfn|Woodbridge & Pardee|1910|p=737}} The Minnesota Iron Company operated the Elba mine from 1898 to 1900 under the direction of M. E. McCarthy. Immediately after the formation of the United States Steel Corporation in 1901, Pickands Mather and Company acquired the Elba and Corsica mines, assuming the mineral leases and operating both after that date.[9]{{sfn|Van Brunt|1921|p=469}}{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=3}}{{sfn|Havinghurst|1958|pp=70, 79}} Owners James Pickands, Samuel Mather and Jay Morse had been interested in the Corsica iron-ore properties for some time, and the mines remained on the firm's shipping roll for many years.[15] William Philip Chinn was appointed superintendent of the Elba and adjacent Corsica mine under the new management of Pickands Mather and Company, succeeding McCarthy.[9][17] Chinn was then on his way up in mining circles, ultimately becoming general manager of all Pickands Mather mining properties in the Lake Superior region in 1918; he was succeeded as superintendent of the Elba and Corsica mines by L. C. David.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=3}}[17]{{sfn|Appleby|1920|pp=56, 62, 151}} The Oliver Iron Mining Company also owned what they designated the "Elba No. 1 and No. 2 Reserve" ore bodies, but these were entirely different from the Elba and Corsica mines and remained undeveloped.{{sfn|Van Brunt|1921|p=469}}{{sfn|Appleby|1920|p=62}} Peak yearsThe community grew at the beginning of the century.[9] In 1902, the Corsica mine began operating in earnest and houses were quickly built.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=102}} Company houses were built among the tall timbers. The community thrived on iron mining, its population nearing 1,000 after World War I,[10] resulting in a neat and comfortable location comprising more than 100 houses.{{sfn|Woodbridge & Pardee|1910|p=737|}} The townspeople were pioneers and largely immigrants, including Croatians, Slovenians, Finns, Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, and English, particularly from Cornwall.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|pp=4, 25}}[18][38] In the early days, houses were made of wooden boards and surrounded by a four-board-high fence which was fronted with a boardwalk. Most of the streets were dirt roads. Winters were bitterly cold, and teams of horses dragging V-shaped wooden plows cleared the streets.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=20}}[19] In the center of town was the community pump, from which the village would draw water at stipulated hours. Water was pumped from the mine twice a day through a big open pipe. Everyone had to carry water home during pumping time. There was no shutoff valve, so buckets, tubs, and barrels were used for water storage.[1]{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=4}}{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=104}} Later, a water tower was built to hold water drawn from a deep well. St. Bernard dogs helped carry the water from the well to the homes. Running water and bathtubs came only after ditches were dug for pipes to provide water from Gilbert around 1916.[9]{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=4}} Kerosene lamps provided the means of lighting until 1916, when power lines were installed.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=4}}{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=104}} Initially, the only telephone was at the Elba mine office.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=15}} The community's Finns organized a temperance society and built the Finnish Temperance Hall.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=105}} The community also included a band, a volunteer fire department, tennis courts, and a clubhouse for employees.[9]{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=5}}{{sfn|Woodbridge & Pardee|1910|p=737}} A small Methodist church and Presbyterian church were built.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=104}} The town also had a night watchman and later a full-time patrolman.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=4}}[18] Always noted as a quiet, orderly town,[18][19] Elcor managed to avoid the social vagaries of adjacent communities, like Gilbert's red-light district.[20] One of the frame houses was used as the first school in Elcor.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=103}} It was not long before a new school was constructed. Elcor was included in the middle part of the Gilbert School system, known then as Independent School District No. 18. There were five schoolhouses in the district. The McKinley-Elba school was built in 1900, halfway between McKinley and Elba, complete with its own well and windmill.[9]{{sfn|Van Brunt|1921|p=462}} It had four teachers and housed classes through the eighth grade, accommodating pupils of both communities.[9]{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=4}}{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=103}} Students walked to school over boardwalks.[9] There were also three primary schools in the district, one of them in Elba on Malta Street.{{sfn|Van Brunt|1921|p=462}} Elcor's renters were required to take in boarders.[10]{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=3}} The company rented a "cottage" for $7.50 per month, which later included electricity. Homes were charged an additional dollar per month when water was piped in from Gilbert.[10] Although people were later allowed to own their homes (even though the land on which the houses stood belonged to the mining company), rents were never increased.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}} All families had their own gardens in which they grew vegetables that lasted through the winter. Some raised cows, pigs, and chickens; others had horses for carrying firewood.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=5}} There was little refrigeration, and perishables were difficult to keep.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=16}} Before the Mercantile came to Elcor, residents went to the J. P. Ahlin store in McKinley, or to the Saari, Campbell and Kraker Mercantile in Gilbert.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=4}} Deliveries were made daily, with orders taken for the following day. People bought on credit and paid monthly, on paydays.{{sfn|Gilbert Centennial|2008|p=15}} In 1920, the Finnish Hall became a general store, the Elcor Mercantile, along with an official U.S. Post Office.[10]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}} When the post office began operation, much confusion resulted, because there was another town named Elba in southeastern Minnesota, just east of Rochester.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}}[19]{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=5}} The name "Corsica" was attempted with the same result.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}} Finally, the community was named "Elcor", combining the first syllable of each of the two names.[9]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}}{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=5}} "Elcor" was emblazoned in large white letters on the water tower.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}} Mail was picked up twice daily at the railroad station, erroneously named "Elcore", for the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad (later the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railroad).{{sfn|Upham|2001|p=520}}{{sfn|Leighton|1998|p=10}}[21] Later, the Elcor Mercantile diversified into the up-and-coming petroleum business, selling Conoco gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, motor oils, grease, and even outboard motors.[2]{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=16}} Concrete sidewalks were built to line the shady streets, and bright red fire hydrants were installed.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}} Homes were insulated, and people began to purchase refrigerators.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=16}} Manilla Street and Maritana Avenue were paved. Greyhound Bus Lines established a stop at the Elcor Mercantile.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=16}} A baseball team was entered in the old East Mesaba League,{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=105}} and the Elcor Mercantile sponsored the Elcor-Conocos, an ice hockey team that became one of the best on the Iron Range.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=16}} Chicago Blackhawks ice hockey goaltender Sam LoPresti was born in Elcor.[22] The Corsica and Elba mines remained the chief source of employment until 1926, when the underground Elba mine closed.[9]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=100}}[18] It had been mined out. A few years later, the Corsica mine was converted into an open pit, and the future of the town once again seemed secure.[1]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=106}} Then the Great Depression hit. In the fall of 1929, Corsica closed and stayed closed for many years, with only a few salaried people retained.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=16}} The mine remained idle until 1940, ironically receiving an honorable mention in the National Safety Competition from the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1934.[24] Once World War II began, the mining business boomed again.[1][9]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=107}} AbandonmentIn 1954, the Corsica pit was shut down. Workers were told that the shutdown was temporary because the demand for that particular type of ore had declined.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=100}}[18] The pit was allowed to flood, and Pickands Mather officially conceded that "temporary" might stretch into quite a long time, although the mine would perhaps "eventually" be reopened.[7]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=100}}[18] A year later, Pickands Mather and Company, manager of the mines at Elcor and the land on which the houses rested, ordered residents to vacate the property.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=107}} By edict of the mining company, the remaining families were forced out so that the company could reclaim the land.[1][8]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=107}} Sources differ on why the order was issued, speculating that the company wanted the land for a dump site, no longer wanted to tend to the town's maintenance,[10] or decided it was not economical to own houses anymore.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=24}} No one in authority revealed what was to become of the land.[1][18] Residents of the company-owned houses were given the option to buy the structures at bargain prices, provided they moved them out of town.{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=8}}{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=108}} For many, it took much of their life savings to relocate elsewhere, taking their homes in caravans along the highways and leaving behind empty foundations.[18] Most Elcor residents purchased lots in the surrounding communities, trying to beat land speculators. In the few months after Elcor's fate became official, land prices skyrocketed. Lots that had originally been priced at $75 were sold for as much as $500.[18] Most of the remaining families moved about two miles west to Gilbert, although other homes were replanted in nearby McKinley.[10] The last vestiges of the old mining community were gone by 1956.[9]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=100}}{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=5}} Every building was torn down or removed.{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=108}} All that remained for some years after were old foundations, sidewalks, rusting stoves, pipes, bottles, and yard shrubbery, formerly visible from the old section of Minnesota State Highway 135 between Gilbert and Biwabik. A rusted fire hydrant adorned what was once a street corner, and a porcelain toilet bowl remained bolted to a concrete floor.[9][7][8] An abandoned rail line for the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway went through what was left of the town site. Mine shafts were boarded up with old timbers.[6] After everyone had left, the company dumped heaps of iron ore on the roads leading into Elcor, and in the process a ghost town was made out of what was once a thriving community.[10][7]{{sfn|Lamppa|1962|p=100}} For a time, the only landmark that remained at the old mining location was a {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=on}} smokestack near the defunct Corsica mine.[25][26] The stack, built by Cornish miners in 1901, had a unique design.[27][25] The Iron Range Historical Society wanted the stack, the last of its kind on the Mesabi Iron Range, to be preserved as an off-premises attraction, since it was structurally sound and historically significant,[27][25][26] but its demolition had already been contracted as a part of the Minnesota Mineland Reclamation Act Abandoned Minelands Cleanup Program.[28][29][30][31] Many people feared it might fall and injure someone; others considered it an aerial obstruction.[27][25] In 1976, the stack was destroyed; it took three blasting attempts and nearly {{convert|100|lb|kg}} of dynamite to bring the structure down.[27][25][26] After the demolition, responsibility for the land on which Elcor stood changed hands on several different occasions. As early as 1978, the property and its management were acquired by the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company. Property rights were then transferred to LTV Steel after the merger of Jones and Laughlin with Republic Steel in 1984. Property rights were later acquired by the Inland Steel Company in a transfer from LTV. In 1993, Inland Steel began stripping the overburden near the old town site, and the Laurentian mine was born.[32][33] The mine is now owned by ArcelorMittal and has been redesignated the Laurentian pit of the Minorca mine after the acquisition of Inland Steel by Mittal in 1998.[34] {{clear}}GeologyElcor sat atop a bed of taconite consisting of a uniform mixture of about 30 percent iron, interspersed with pockets of high-grade ore containing 90 to 95 percent iron,{{sfn|Davis|1964|p=1}} a part of the Biwabik iron formation. The formation is a large sheet of iron-bearing sediment deposited during the Precambrian era on the bottom of the Animikie Sea. This sea occupied the western portion of the Great Lakes area, depositing iron-bearing sediments extending under Lake Superior from the Mesabi and Vermilion Iron Ranges in northern Minnesota, to the Gogebic Iron Range in northern Wisconsin and Michigan's upper peninsula, to the Marquette Range of the upper peninsula, and west to the manganese-rich ore of the Cuyuna Iron Range in central Minnesota.{{sfn|Davis|1964|p=31}} Michigan's silicious steel-blue high-grade ores were quite different from the Mesabi ore, which was hydrated soft brown hematite.{{sfn|Van Hise|1901|p=337}}{{sfn|Crowell & Murray|1914|p=229}}{{sfn|Havinghurst|1958|p=47}} Geologists disagree about the geologic time period of the region and the mechanism by which the iron-bearing sediment was laid down differently on opposite sides of the lake.{{sfn|Davis|1964|p=34}} There is iron ore in other areas of Minnesota, but no longer in quantities that are practical to mine.[35] Geologists divide the iron-bearing rocks of the eastern Mesabi Iron Range into several layers. In the stratigraphic column, Virginia Slate and Duluth gabbro lie above, followed by four main iron-bearing divisions named the Upper Slaty, Upper Cherty, Lower Slaty, and Lower Cherty. Below these are quartzite and granite. Beneath the shallow topsoil, the slate is from {{convert|50|ft|m}} to several hundred feet thick, and the four iron-bearing layers are from {{convert|400|to|600|ft|m}} thick.{{sfn|Davis|1964|p=34}} Geography and climateElcor lay at an elevation of {{convert|1542|ft|m}} in St. Louis County, Minnesota, {{convert|52|mi|km}} north-northwest of Duluth.[36] The nearest cities to Elcor were Gilbert, approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|0}} to the southwest and McKinley, approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|0}} to the east-northeast. Elcor was along the old section of Minnesota State Highway 135, almost {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} east-southeast of U.S. Route 53 and about {{convert|2|mi|km|0}} northeast of Minnesota State Highway 37.[37] Elcor was in the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province in the Arrowhead region of northern Minnesota. The polar air mass dominates this part of the state year-round. Precipitation ranges from about {{convert|21|in|cm}} annually along the western border of the forest to about {{convert|32|in|cm}} at its eastern edge. Average annual temperatures are about {{convert|34|F|C}} along the northern part of the forest, rising to {{convert|40|F|C}} at its southern extreme.[38] Normal annual snowfall totals about {{convert|60|in|cm}}.[39] July is the warmest month, when the average high temperature is {{convert|78|F|C}} and the average low is {{convert|51|F|C}}. January is the coldest, with an average high temperature of {{convert|18|F|C}} and average low of {{convert|-5|F|C}}. Elcor was approximately {{convert|22|miles}} south-southwest of Tower, Minnesota, where the temperature reached a record low of {{convert|-60|F|C}} on February 2, 1996.[40] See also{{Portal|Minnesota}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news|title=Elcor: A gentle, good neighborhood now more than 50 years gone|url=http://www.virginiamn.com/archives/elcor-a-gentle-good-neighborhood-now-more-than-years-gone/article_d69c8dc6-ce17-5523-afda-cd2ef53aba50.html|accessdate=May 9, 2016|publisher=Mesabi Daily News (MN)|date=March 18, 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318231056/http://www.virginiamn.com/archives/elcor-a-gentle-good-neighborhood-now-more-than-years-gone/article_d69c8dc6-ce17-5523-afda-cd2ef53aba50.html|archivedate=March 18, 2018|df=}} 2. ^1 {{cite news|author=|url= |title=Elcor-People and the Place|newspaper=Gilbert Herald (MN)|page=1|date=April 14, 1982}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=USGS Historical Topographic Map Explorer|url=http://historicalmaps.arcgis.com/usgs/|publisher=United States Geological Survey|accessdate=March 11, 2017}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=State Minerals Leases|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lands_minerals/min_leases.html|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=February 13, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524040853/http://http/|archivedate=May 24, 2011|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Abramitzky|first1=Ran|title=What history tells us about assimilation of immigrants|url=https://siepr.stanford.edu/news/what-history-tells-us-about-assimilation-immigrants|website=Stanford University|publisher=Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research|accessdate=October 23, 2017|date=April 12, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914190725/https://siepr.stanford.edu/news/what-history-tells-us-about-assimilation-immigrants|archivedate=September 14, 2017|df=}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Glavan|first=Gregory|title=Elcor, An Iron Range Ghost Town: The Elcor Smokestack|journal=Range Reminiscing|date=September 1999|volume=24|page=2}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last=Breining|first=Greg|title=Mesabi Ghosts|journal=The Minnesota Volunteer|pages=44–53|publisher= Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|date=July–August 1992|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mcvmagazine/archive.html?keyword=Mesabi%20Ghosts|accessdate=May 19, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630021634/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mcvmagazine/archive.html?keyword=Mesabi%20Ghosts|archivedate=June 30, 2015|df=}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Breining|first=Greg|title=Ghost Towns on the Range|journal=Minnesota Monthly|date=March 1982|pages=17–19}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite news|author=|title=Iron Range History: Elcor (Elba-Corsica) Memories|newspaper=Mesabi Daily News (MN)|page=13|date=October 14, 1976}}{{sfn|Phillipich et al.|1982|p=5}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news|last=Holten|first=Jon|title=Elcor, City of Memories, Comes Alive Once Again|newspaper=Minneapolis Star and Tribune (MN)|pages= 3C, 7C|date=July 5, 1982}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last=Alanen|first=Arnold|title=The 'Locations', Company Communities on Minnesota's Iron Ranges|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/48/v48i03p094-107.pdf|journal=Minnesota History|date=Fall 1982|pages=94–107|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|accessdate=April 14, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019164716/http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/48/v48i03p094-107.pdf|archivedate=October 19, 2012|df=}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Sparta, MN|url=http://www.mesabitrail.com/communities/Sparta/|website=Mesabi Trail|publisher=St. Louis & Lake Counties Regional Railroad Authority|accessdate=August 3, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720135042/http://www.mesabitrail.com/communities/sparta|archivedate=July 20, 2017|df=}} 13. ^{{cite news |last1=Romsaas |first1=Jim |title=Village of Franklin: Alive in Iron Range Lore |url=https://www.virginiamn.com/archives/village-of-franklin-alive-in-iron-range-lore/article_a6175a02-21d4-5056-aaf0-bf149b3c12aa.html |accessdate=September 24, 2018 |publisher=Mesabi Daily News |date=March 18, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924024047/https://www.virginiamn.com/archives/village-of-franklin-alive-in-iron-range-lore/article_a6175a02-21d4-5056-aaf0-bf149b3c12aa.html |archivedate=September 23, 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|last1=Bordeau|first1=Sanford P.|last2=Krause|first2=James L.|last3=Krause|first3=Kathie I.|title=An Early History of Weimer, Sparta, Genoa and Gilbert, Minnesota|url=http://www.angelfire.com/mn3/gilbert/gilberthistory.html|website=|publisher=Gilbert Herald (MN)|accessdate=August 3, 2017|date=2002}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite journal|title=Historic Scene at the Village of Elcor, Mesabi Iron Range|journal=Skillings' Mining Review|date=November 19, 1960|page=27}} 16. ^{{cite map | author1=Frank A. Wildes | author2=Minnesota State Auditor, Land Department | year= | title=Superintendent of Mines Subject Files, 1921–1932 | scale= [1:4,800] | location=St. Paul, MN | publisher=State Archives, Minnesota Historical Society | section= | oclc= }} 17. ^1 {{cite journal|title=William Philip Chinn, General Manager, Pickands Mather & Company: A Biography|journal=The Explosives Engineer|date=January 1930}} 18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news | last= Eldot | first= Walter | title= Death of a Mining Town | newspaper= Duluth News Tribune (MN) | pages= 4–5 (Cosmopolitan Section) | date= July 17, 1955}} 19. ^1 2 {{cite news | title= Vanished Town of Elcor Still Exists in Ex-Residents' Memories | last= Fleichtinger | first= Gail | date= July 6, 1982 | newspaper= Duluth News Tribune (MN) | pages= 1A, 8A}} 20. ^{{cite news|author=|title=Citizens group denounces town's 'Whorehouse Days'|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2005-01-27-gilbert_x.htm|accessdate=May 23, 2014|newspaper=USA Today|date=January 27, 2005}} 21. ^{{cite gnis|2123651|Elcore Station (historical)|accessdate=July 28, 2017}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=Sam L. LoPresti|url=http://www.ushockeyhalloffame.com/page/show/818899-sam-l-lopresti|publisher=U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame|accessdate=November 4, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729012325/http://www.ushockeyhalloffame.com/page/show/818899-sam-l-lopresti|archivedate=July 29, 2017|df=}} 23. ^1 {{cite web|title=St. Louis County Aerial Photography|url=http://www.stlouiscountymn.gov/LANDPROPERTY/Maps/AerialPhotography.aspx|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=October 8, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925160156/http://www.stlouiscountymn.gov/LANDPROPERTY/Maps/AerialPhotography.aspx|archivedate=September 25, 2013|df=dmy-all}} 24. ^{{cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=William W.|title=1934 National Safety Competition|journal=The Explosives Engineer|date=July 1935|volume=13-14|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-7mAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=Elcor,+Minnesota&source=bl&ots=JQx17DYlQl&sig=wq9l4niWgCNeEDPaQja9aEhoSY8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimmeqS8dTSAhUMyoMKHY3HD2s4HhDoAQgiMAI#v=onepage&q=Elcor%2C%20Minnesota&f=false|accessdate=July 29, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920210031/https://books.google.com/books?id=l-7mAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=Elcor,+Minnesota&source=bl&ots=JQx17DYlQl&sig=wq9l4niWgCNeEDPaQja9aEhoSY8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimmeqS8dTSAhUMyoMKHY3HD2s4HhDoAQgiMAI#v=onepage&q=Elcor%2C%20Minnesota&f=false|archivedate=September 20, 2017|df=}} 25. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last=Leschak|first=Pam|title=There She Blows-Finally! Attempt to Save it Too Late: Old Stack Blasted Down|newspaper=Hibbing Daily Tribune (MN)|pages=1, 12|date=September 28, 1976}} 26. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Radomski|first=Robyn|title=Last Stack Bombed: Old Stack Blown; Protests Overridden|newspaper=Mesabi Daily News (MN)|page=1|date=September 28, 1976}} 27. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|author=|title=Before...and After|newspaper=Gilbert Herald (MN)|page=6|date=September 29, 1976}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=Minnesota Mineland Reclamation Act|url=https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/pre2003/other/880685.pdf|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|accessdate=March 21, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111049/https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/pre2003/other/880685.pdf|archivedate=March 22, 2017|df=}} 29. ^{{cite journal|last=Leschak|first=Pam|title=Big Clean-Up on the Iron Range|journal=The Minnesota Volunteer|pages=37–41|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|date=September–October 1977|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mcvmagazine/archive.html?keyword=Big%20Clean-Up%20on%20the%20Iron%20Range|accessdate=November 19, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630013028/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mcvmagazine/archive.html?keyword=Big%20Clean-Up%20on%20the%20Iron%20Range|archivedate=June 30, 2015|df=}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Mineland Reclamation|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lands_minerals/mineland_reclamation/index.html|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=March 6, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311195954/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lands_minerals/mineland_reclamation/index.html|archivedate=March 11, 2014|df=}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=Mineland Reclamation |url=http://mn.gov/irrrb/miningtimber/mineland-reclamation/ |publisher=Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board |accessdate=March 6, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309091040/http://mn.gov/irrrb/miningtimber/mineland-reclamation/ |archivedate=March 9, 2014 |df= }} 32. ^{{cite web |title=Laurentian Taconite Mine Draft Environmental Impact Statement |url=https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/pre2003/other/900445.pdf |publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library |accessdate=August 19, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819004444/https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/pre2003/other/900445.pdf|archivedate=August 19, 2018|df=}} 33. ^{{cite web |title=Laurentian Taconite Mine Final Environmental Impact Statement |url=https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/pre2003/other/900562.pdf |publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library |accessdate=August 19, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819003646/https://www.leg.state.mn.us/docs/pre2003/other/900562.pdf|archivedate=August 19, 2018|df=}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=USA Operations|url=http://www.usa.arcelormittal.com/our-operations/mining|publisher=ArcelorMittal|accessdate=March 6, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306174303/http://usa.arcelormittal.com/Our-operations/Mining/|archivedate=March 6, 2014|df=}} 35. ^{{cite journal|last=Pederson|first=C. A.|title=Southern Minnesota's Iron Mines|journal=The Minnesota Volunteer|pages=48–50|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|date=March–April 1958|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mcvmagazine/archive.html?keyword=Southern%20Minnesota's%20Iron%20Mines|accessdate=May 23, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214353/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mcvmagazine/archive.html?keyword=Southern%20Minnesota%27s%20Iron%20Mines|archivedate=March 3, 2016|df=}} 36. ^1 2 {{cite gnis|661197|Elcor|accessdate=December 7, 2017}} 37. ^{{Cite map|publisher=Minnesota Department of Highways|title=Minnesota Official Highway Map|year=1960|scale=[1:760,320]|url=http://cdm16022.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/mdt/id/1198|accessdate=December 6, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207015743/http://cdm16022.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/mdt/id/1198|archivedate=December 7, 2017|df=}} 38. ^{{cite web|title=Laurentian Mixed Forest Province|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/212/index.html|publisher= Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=May 23, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520001754/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecs/212/index.html|archivedate=May 20, 2014|df=}} 39. ^{{cite web|title=Minnesota Annual Snow Normal|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/summaries_and_publications/normals_snow_1981_2010.html|publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=December 7, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721223858/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/summaries_and_publications/normals_snow_1981_2010.html|archivedate=July 21, 2016|df=}} 40. ^{{cite web|title=Minnesota Climate Extremes|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/summaries_and_publications/extremes.html|publisher= Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=May 23, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522033445/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/summaries_and_publications/extremes.html|archivedate=May 22, 2014|df=}} Sources{{Refbegin}}
Further reading
External links{{Commons Category|Elcor, Minnesota}}
12 : Company towns in Minnesota|Cultural assimilation|Former populated places in Minnesota|Former populated places in St. Louis County, Minnesota|Geography of St. Louis County, Minnesota|Ghost towns in Minnesota|Mining communities in Minnesota|Neighborhoods in Minnesota|1897 establishments in Minnesota|1956 disestablishments in Minnesota|Populated places established in 1897|Populated places disestablished in 1956 |
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