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词条 Quality control
释义

  1. History and introduction

  2. Notable approaches

  3. In project management

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}{{about|the project management process}}{{short description|Project management process making sure produced products are good}}{{For|the record label|Quality Control Music}}Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements".[1]

This approach places an emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001):[2][3]

  1. Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes,&91;4&93;&91;5&93; performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records
  2. Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications
  3. Soft elements, such as personnel, integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships.
Inspection is a major component of quality control, where physical product is examined visually (or the end results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors will be provided with lists and descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for example.[3]

The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these three aspects is deficient in any way.

History and introduction

{{See also|History of technology}}

Early stone tools such as anvils had no holes and were not designed as interchangeable parts. Mass production established processes for the creation of parts and system with identical dimensions and design, but these processes are not uniform and hence some customers were unsatisfied with the result. Quality control separates the act of testing products to uncover defects from the decision to allow or deny product release, which may be determined by fiscal constraints.[6] For contract work, particularly work awarded by government agencies, quality control issues are among the top reasons for not renewing a contract.[7]

The simplest form of quality control was a sketch of the desired item. If the sketch did not match the item, it was rejected, in a simple Go/no go procedure. However, manufacturers soon found it was difficult and costly to make parts be exactly like their depiction; hence around 1840 tolerance limits were introduced, wherein a design would function if its parts were measured to be within the limits. Quality was thus precisely defined using devices such as plug gauges and ring gauges. However, this did not address the problem of defective items; recycling or disposing of the waste adds to the cost of production, as does trying to reduce the defect rate. Various methods have been proposed to prioritize quality control issues and determine whether to leave them unaddressed or use quality assurance techniques to improve and stabilize production.[6]

Notable approaches

There is a tendency for individual consultants and organizations to name their own unique approaches to quality control—a few of these have ended up in widespread use:

Terminology Approximate year of first use Description
Statistical quality control (SQC) 1930s [8]{{rp>556}}
Total quality control (TQC) 1956 Popularized by Armand V. Feigenbaum in a Harvard Business Review article[9] and book of the same name.[10]; stresses involvement of departments in addition to production (e.g., accounting, design, finance, human resources, marketing, purchasing, sales)
Statistical process control (SPC) 1960s The use of control charts to monitor an individual industrial process and feed back performance to the operators responsible for that process; inspired by control systems
Company-wide quality control (CWQC) 1968 Japanese-style total quality control[10]
Total Quality Management (TQM) 1985 Quality movement originating in the United States Department of Defense that uses (in part) the techniques of statistical quality control to drive continuous organizational improvement[11]
Six Sigma (6σ) 1986 Statistical quality control applied to business strategy[12]; originated by Motorola
Lean Six Sigma (L6σ) 2001 Six Sigma applied with the principles of lean manufacturing and/or lean enterprise; originated by Wheat et al.[13]

In project management

In project management, quality control requires the project manager and/or the project team to inspect the accomplished work to ensure its alignment with the project scope.[14] In practice, projects typically have a dedicated quality control team which focuses on this area.[15]

See also

  • Analytical quality control
  • Corrective and preventative action (CAPA)
  • Eight dimensions of quality
  • First article inspection (FAI)
  • Good Automated Manufacturing Practice (GAMP)
  • Good manufacturing practice
  • Quality assurance
  • Quality management framework
  • Standard operating procedure (SOP)
  • QA/QC

References

1. ^ISO 9000:2005, Clause 3.2.10
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.praxiom.com/iso-9001.htm |title=ISO 9001 Translated Into Plain English |author=Praxiom Research Group Limited |publisher=Praxiom Research Group Limited |date=16 August 2017 |accessdate=29 November 2017}}
3. ^1 {{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Industrial Quality Control |chapter=Chapter 1: Introduction |author=Aft, L.S. |publisher=CRC Press |pages=1–17 |year=1997 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalcallcenters.org/images/stories/InQueue/vol2no21.pdf |title=What the Call Center Industry Can Learn from Manufacturing: Part I |date=November 9, 2007 |author=Dennis Adsit |publisher=National Association of Call Centers |accessdate=21 December 2012 }}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalcallcenters.org/images/stories/InQueue/Vol2No22.pdf |title=What the Call Center Industry Can Learn from Manufacturing: Part II |date=November 23, 2007 |author=Dennis Adsit |publisher=National Association of Call Centers |accessdate=21 December 2012 }}
6. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Shewhart|first1=Walter A. (Walter Andrew)|last2=Deming|first2=W. Edwards (William Edwards)|title=Statistical method from the viewpoint of quality control|date=1939|publisher=The Graduate School, The Department of Agriculture|location=Washington|pages=1-5|url=https://archive.org/stream/CAT10502416#page/2/mode/2up}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.opm.gov/fedclass/gs1910.pdf |title=Position Classification Standard for Quality Assurance Series, GS-1910 |date=March 1983 |author= |publisher=US Office of Personnel Management |accessdate=21 December 2012 }}
8. ^{{Citation | editor-last = Juran | editor-first = Joseph M. | editor-link = Joseph M. Juran | year = 1995 | title = A History of Managing for Quality: The Evolution, Trends, and Future Directions of Managing for Quality | publisher = The American Society for Quality Control | publication-place = Milwaukee, Wisconsin | isbn = 9780873893411 | oclc = 32394752}}
9. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Feigenbaum | first1 = Armand V. | authorlink1 = Armand V. Feigenbaum | year = 1956 | title = Total Quality Control | journal = Harvard Business Review | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher = Harvard University Press | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 93–101 | issn = 0017-8012 | oclc = 1751795}}
10. ^1 {{Citation | last = Ishikawa | first = Kaoru | authorlink = Kaoru Ishikawa | title = What Is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way | edition = 1 | year = 1985 | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-13-952433-2 | oclc = 11467749 | pages = 90–91}}
11. ^{{Citation | last = Evans | first = James R. | last2 = Lindsay | first2 = William M. | year = 1999 | title = The Management and Control of Quality | edition = 4 | publisher = South-Western College Publications | publication-place = Cincinnati, Ohio | page = 118 | isbn = 9780538882422 | oclc = 38475486 | quote = The term total quality management, or TQM, has been commonly used to denote the system of managing for total quality. (The term TQM was actually developed within the Department of Defense. It has since been renamed Total Quality Leadership, since leadership outranks management in military thought.)}}
12. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.motorolasolutions.com/web/Business/_Moto_University/_Documents/_Static_Files/What_is_SixSigma.pdf | title = What Is Six Sigma? | date = 2010-02-19 | website = http://www.motorolasolutions.com | publisher = Motorola University | location = Schaumburg, Illinois | page = 2 | accessdate = 2013-11-24 | quote = When practiced as a management system, Six Sigma is a high performance system for executing business strategy. | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031507/http://www.motorolasolutions.com/web/Business/_Moto_University/_Documents/_Static_Files/What_is_SixSigma.pdf | archivedate = 3 December 2013 | df = dmy-all }}
13. ^{{cite book |title=Leaning into Six Sigma: The Path to integration of Lean Enterprise and Six Sigma |author=Wheat, B.; Mills, C.; Carnell, M. |publisher=Publishing Partners |pages=100 |year=2001 |isbn=9780971249103}}
14. ^{{Cite web|last= Phillips |first= Joseph |title= Quality Control in Project Management |url= http://www.pmhut.com/quality-control-in-project-management |date=November 2008 |publisher=The Project Management Hut |accessdate=21 December 2012 }}
15. ^{{cite book |title=Project Quality Management: Why, What and How |author=Rose, K.H. |publisher=J. Ross Publishing |pages=224 |year=2014 |isbn=9781604271027}}
  • {{FS1037C MS188}}

Further reading

  • {{Citation | last = Radford | first = George S. | year = 1922 | title = The Control of Quality in Manufacturing | publisher = Ronald Press Co. | publication-place = New York | oclc = 1701274 | url = https://archive.org/details/controlofquality00radf | accessdate = 2013-11-16}}
  • {{Citation | last = Shewhart | first = Walter A. | author-link = Walter A. Shewhart | year = 1931 | title = Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product | publisher = D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. | publication-place = New York | oclc = 1045408}}
  • {{Citation | last = Juran | first = Joseph M. | author-link = Joseph M. Juran | year = 1951 | title = Quality-Control Handbook | publisher = McGraw-Hill | publication-place = New York | oclc = 1220529}}
  • {{Citation | author = Western Electric Company | year = 1956 | title = Statistical Quality Control Handbook | edition = 1 | publication-place = Indianapolis, Indiana | publisher = Western Electric Co. | oclc = 33858387}}
  • {{Citation | last = Feigenbaum | first = Armand V. | author-link = Armand V. Feigenbaum | year = 1961 | title = Total Quality Control | publisher = McGraw-Hill | publication-place = New York | oclc = 567344}}

External links

  • ASTM quality control standards
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